The sooty mangabey (SM) ( Cercocebus atys ) is the natural host of a simian immunodeficiency virus, termed SIVsm, which gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic... more
The sooty mangabey (SM) ( Cercocebus atys ) is the natural host of a simian immunodeficiency virus, termed SIVsm, which gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity of SIVsm in the wild remains limited. To address this issue, noninvasive strategies based on screening SM fecal and urine specimens for SIVsm-specific antibodies and virion RNA (vRNA) were developed, and the results were correlated with viral loads in plasma. Twenty-three SIVsm-infected and 27 uninfected SMs were evaluated. Time-matched urine, fecal and plasma samples were collected over a 2-month period from 16 captive naturally infected SMs. The remaining 7 infected and 27 uninfected SMs were sampled once. Each specimen was subjected to enhanced chemiluminescence-Western blot analysis and nested reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. The results showed that urine was highly sensitive (96%) and specific (100%) for detection of SIVsm antibodies, while f...
Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Medicine, Genetic Diversity, Biological Sciences, and 15 morePhylogeny, Virus, Female, Animals, Male, Human immunodeficiency virus, Geographic distribution, Molecular Characterization, Western blot, Feces, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Reverse Transcriptase, Viral Load, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Medical and Health Sciences
The predictive value of acute gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) CD4+ T cell depletion in lentiviral infections was assessed by comparing three animal models illustrative of the outcomes of SIV infection: pathogenic infection (SIVsmm... more
The predictive value of acute gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) CD4+ T cell depletion in lentiviral infections was assessed by comparing three animal models illustrative of the outcomes of SIV infection: pathogenic infection (SIVsmm infection of rhesus macaques (Rh)), persistent nonprogressive infection (SIVagm infection of African green monkeys (AGM)), and transient, controlled infection (SIVagm infection of Rh). Massive acute depletion of GALT CD4+ T cells was a common feature of acute SIV infection in all three models. The outcome of this mucosal CD4+ T cell depletion, however, differed substantially between the three models: in SIVsmm-infected Rh, the acute GALT CD4+ T cell depletion was persistent and continued with disease progression; in SIVagm, intestinal CD4+ T cells were partially restored during chronic infection in the context of normal levels of apoptosis and immune activation and absence of damage to the mucosal immunologic barrier; in SIVagm-infected Rh, complete ...
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The role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in controlling replication of live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was investigated as part of a vaccine study to examine the correlates of protection in the SIV/rhesus macaque model. Rhesus... more
The role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in controlling replication of live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was investigated as part of a vaccine study to examine the correlates of protection in the SIV/rhesus macaque model. Rhesus macaques immunized for >2 yr with nef-deleted SIV (SIVmac239Δnef) and protected from challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251 were treated with anti-CD8 antibody (OKT8F) to deplete CD8+ T cells in vivo. The effects of CD8 depletion on viral load were measured using a novel quantitative assay based on real-time polymerase chain reaction using molecular beacons. This assay allows simultaneous detection of both the vaccine strain and the challenge virus in the same sample, enabling direct quantification of changes in each viral population. Our results show that CD8+ T cells were depleted within 1 h after administration of OKT8F, and were reduced by as much as 99% in the peripheral blood. CD8+ T cell depletion was associated with a 1–2 log increase in SIV...
Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Medicine, Animals, The, and 15 moreVaccination, CD, Rhesus macaques, Experimental Medicine, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Lymph Node, Viral Replication, Molecular beacon, Lymph nodes, Viral Load, ORIGINAL ARTICLE, real time polymerase chain reaction, Medical and Health Sciences, and Peripheral blood
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires CD4 and one of a family of related seven-transmembrane-domain coreceptors. Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 isolates are generally specific for CCR5, a receptor for the CC chemokines... more
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires CD4 and one of a family of related seven-transmembrane-domain coreceptors. Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 isolates are generally specific for CCR5, a receptor for the CC chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, while T-cell line-tropic viruses tend to use CXCR4 (also known as fusin, LESTR, or HUMSTR). Like HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) requires CD4 on the target cell surface; however, whether it also requires a coreceptor is not known. We report here that several genetically divergent SIV isolates, including SIVmac, SIVsmSL92a, SIVsmLib-1, and SIVcpzGAB, can use human and rhesus CCR5 for entry. CXCR4 did not facilitate entry of any of the simian viruses tested, nor did any of the other known chemokine receptors. Moreover, SIVmac251 that had been extensively passaged in a human transformed T-cell line retained its use of CCR5. Rhesus and human CCR5 differed at only eight amino acid residues, four of which were i...
Research Interests: Genetics, Biology, Medicine, Biological Sciences, DNA, and 15 moreCell line, Humans, Animals, Membrane Fusion, Phenotype, Human immunodeficiency virus, Genetic Divergence, Macaca Mulatta, Genetic variation, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Molecular Sequence Data, Medical and Health Sciences, and Peripheral blood
A seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibody in household pet monkeys in Gabon. Twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. By using human immunodeficiency virus type 2... more
A seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antibody in household pet monkeys in Gabon. Twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. By using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)/SIVsm, SIVmnd, and SIVagm antigens, one red-capped mangabey (RCM) ( Cercocebus torquatus torquatus ) was identified as harboring SIV-cross-reactive antibodies. A virus isolate, termed SIVrcm, was subsequently established from this seropositive RCM by cocultivation of its peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with PBMC from seronegative humans or RCMs. SIVrcm was also isolated by cocultivation of CD8-depleted RCM PBMC with Molt 4 clone 8 cells but not with CEMx174 cells. The lack of growth in CEMx174 cells distinguished this new SIV from all previously reported sooty mangabey-derived viruses (SIVsm), which grow well in this cell line. SIVrcm was also successfully transmitted (cell free) to human and rhesus PBMC as well as to Molt 4 clone 8 cells. ...
Research Interests: Molecular Evolution, Biology, Medicine, HIV immunology, Cell Culture, and 15 moreHIV, Biological Sciences, Phylogeny, Cell line, Humans, Gabon, Female, Animals, Protein Sequence Analysis, Macaca Mulatta, Cercocebus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Base Sequence, Medical and Health Sciences, and In Vitro Techniques
It has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys). To test this hypothesis, SIVs from... more
It has been proposed that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that are natural infections of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys). To test this hypothesis, SIVs from eight sooty mangabeys, including six new viruses from West Africa, were genetically characterized. gag and env sequences showed that while the viruses of all eight sooty mangabeys belonged to the SIVsm/HIV-2 family, each was widely divergent from SIVs found earlier in captive monkeys at American primate centers. In two SIVs from sooty mangabeys discovered about 100 miles (ca. 161 Km) from each other in rural West Africa, the amino acids of a conserved gag p17-p26 region differed by 19.3%, a divergence greater than that in four of five clades of HIV-2 and in SIVs found in other African monkey species. Analysis of gag region sequences showed that feral mangabeys in one small troop harbored four distinct SIVs. Three of the newly found viruses were geneti...
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ABSTRACTWe have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to enter... more
ABSTRACTWe have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The inhibitors are TAK-779, which is specific for CCR5 and CCR2, aminooxypentane-RANTES, which blocks entry via CCR5 and CCR3, and AMD3100, which targets CXCR4. We found that for all the HIV-1 isolates and all but one of the HIV-2 isolates tested, the only relevant coreceptors were CCR5 and CXCR4. However, one HIV-2 isolate replicated in human PBMC even in the presence of TAK-779 and AMD3100, suggesting that it might use an undefined, alternative coreceptor that is expressed in the cells of some individuals. SIVmac239 and SIVmac251 (from macaques) were also able to use an alternative coreceptor to enter PBMC from some, but not all, human and macaque donors. The replication in human PBMC of SIVrcm(from a red...
Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, HIV, Chemokines and chemokine receptors, Biological Sciences, and 15 moreMacaca, Cell line, Humans, Animals, Gp, Human immunodeficiency virus, Macaque, Amides, Transfection, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Lymphocytes, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Heterocyclic compounds, Syncytium, and Medical and Health Sciences
Caribbean-born African green monkeys (AGMs) were classified as Chlorocebus sabaeus by cytochrome b sequencing. Guided by these phylogenetic analyses, we developed a new model for the study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection... more
Caribbean-born African green monkeys (AGMs) were classified as Chlorocebus sabaeus by cytochrome b sequencing. Guided by these phylogenetic analyses, we developed a new model for the study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts by inoculating Caribbean AGMs with their species-specific SIVagm.sab. SIVagm.sab replicated efficiently in Caribbean AGM peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. During SIVagm.sab primary infection of six Caribbean AGMs, the virus replicated at high levels, with peak viral loads (VLs) of 10 7 to 10 8 copies/ml occurring by day 8 to 10 postinfection (p.i.). Set-point values of up to 2 × 10 5 copies/ml were reached by day 42 p.i. and maintained throughout follow-up (through day 450 p.i.). CD4 + T-cell counts in the blood showed a transient depletion at the peak of VL, and then returned to near preinfection values by day 28 p.i. and remained relatively stable during the chronic infection. Preservation of CD4 T cells was also found ...
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A study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) isolates within the long-established Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) colony of sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys... more
A study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) isolates within the long-established Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) colony of sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys ). Serological analysis determined that 22 of 39 animals (56%) were positive for STLV type 1 (STLV-1). A second group of thirteen SM bush meat samples from Sierra Leone in Africa was also included and tested only by PCR. Twenty-two of 39 captive animals (56%) and 3 of 13 bush meat samples (23%) were positive for STLV-1, as shown by testing with PCR. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of viral strains obtained demonstrated that STLV-1 strains from SMs (STLV-1sm strains) from the TNPRC colony and Sierra Leone formed a single cluster together with the previously reported STLV-1sm strain from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. These data confirm that Africa is the origin for TNPRC STLV-1sm and suggest that Sierra Leone is the ori...
Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Sierra Leone, Medicine, Molecular Epidemiology, and 15 moreBiological Sciences, Phylogeny, Gorilla, Virus, United States, Animals, Phylogenetic analysis, Captive Wild Animals, Phylogenetic Tree, Cercocebus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Haplorhini, Nucleotide sequence, Medical and Health Sciences, and Gorilla gorilla
A homozygous 24-bp deletion (Δ24) was found in the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (RCMs), Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in Africa and in an American zoo. The CCR5 Δ24 defect encompassed eight... more
A homozygous 24-bp deletion (Δ24) was found in the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) of 11 out of 15 red-capped mangabeys (RCMs), Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, both in Africa and in an American zoo. The CCR5 Δ24 defect encompassed eight amino acids in frame in the fourth transmembrane region. Unexpectedly, RCM-009, one of 11 homozygotes (Δ24CCR5/ Δ24CCR5), was found to be naturally infected with a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain, which was not R5-tropic, but used CCR2b (R2b) as its major coreceptor. SIVrcmGab1 was the only R2b-tropic SIV among other divergent SIVs tested. Cells transfected with the Δ24 CCR5 did not support entry of R5-tropic SIVmac, SIVcpz, SIVmne, HIV-2, or HIV-1, and were also inactive in signal transduction mediated by β-chemokines. At 86.6%, the Δ24 allelic frequency was significantly higher than that of the 32-bp deletion found in humans. The Δ24 frequency was 4.1% in 34 sooty mangabeys (SMs), a geographically isolated subspecies that was na...
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Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, HIV, Biological Sciences, Humans, and 15 moreAnimals, Parallel Evolution, Phenotype, Experimental Study, Human immunodeficiency virus, Negative Selection Algorithm, Macaca Mulatta, Cercocebus, Allele, Cell Surface Markers, Allele Frequency, Heterozygote Advantage, Host Defense, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Medicine, HIV, Clinical Microbiology, and 12 moreBiological Sciences, Humans, Animals, Antibody, Retrovirus, Immunoassay, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Predictive value of tests, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract Sendai virus mutant ts 271 was previously shown to be an RNA positive mutant with a temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin. We now report that noninfectious virus particles are produced when this mutant is grown at the nonpermissive... more
Abstract Sendai virus mutant ts 271 was previously shown to be an RNA positive mutant with a temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin. We now report that noninfectious virus particles are produced when this mutant is grown at the nonpermissive temperature. These virus particles appear to have only one defect: they are devoid of a single polypeptide, the 70,000 dalton HN glycopolypeptide responsible for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities. Consequently, the noninfectious particles lack these activities and they are incapable of attaching to cells. Moreover, cells producing the particles contain neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activities, suggesting that the relevant glycopolypeptide does not assume a functional conformation when it is synthesized under nonpermissive conditions. We conclude that Sendai virus morphogenesis does not require HN as a structural element or any function supplied by HN. Other consequences of the mutation were marked lessenings of cytopathology and cell protein synthesis inhibition during infections at nonpermissive temperature, indicating that the native HN glycopolypeptide is an important factor in cell killing by Sendai virus.
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Sendai virions, disrupted in 2% Triton X-100 in 1 M KCl, were separated into nucleocapsids and envelope proteins by centrifugation. The nucleocapsids, representing 46% of the virion proteins, had a buoyant density of 1.29 gm/cm 3 in D 2 O... more
Sendai virions, disrupted in 2% Triton X-100 in 1 M KCl, were separated into nucleocapsids and envelope proteins by centrifugation. The nucleocapsids, representing 46% of the virion proteins, had a buoyant density of 1.29 gm/cm 3 in D 2 O sucrose. RNA-dependent transcriptase activity associated with them had a ninefold greater specific activity than transcriptase assayed in unfractionated detergent-disrupted virions. These enzyme-active nucleocapsids contained only two polypeptides, the largest virion polypeptide (molecular weight 75,000) and the nucleocapsid structure unit (molecular weight 60,000). Virion envelope proteins, either glycoproteins or nonglycosylated matrix protein, inhibited nucleocapsid-associated polymerase activity; brief heat denaturation abolished their inhibitory activity. Yeast RNA stimulated nucleocapsid-associated enzyme, suggesting that stimulatory polyanions act at the enzyme-template level.
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A rapid, specific, and sensitive modification of the dot immunobinding assay was compared with the standard enzyme immunoassay as a screening procedure for the detection of antibody in human or simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.... more
A rapid, specific, and sensitive modification of the dot immunobinding assay was compared with the standard enzyme immunoassay as a screening procedure for the detection of antibody in human or simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Comparative testing with the available enzyme immunoassay procedures, either in commercial kit form or as provided by diagnostic laboratories, indicated excellent correlation. Ease of operation and cost are key features of the dot immunobinding assay procedure.
Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Medicine, HIV, Clinical Microbiology, and 12 moreBiological Sciences, Humans, Animals, Antibody, Retrovirus, Immunoassay, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Predictive value of tests, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Medical and Health Sciences
Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, were isolated and partially characterized. The mutants replicated in chicken embryo lung cells at 30 C, but not at 38 C; wild-type virus grew equally well at both... more
Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, were isolated and partially characterized. The mutants replicated in chicken embryo lung cells at 30 C, but not at 38 C; wild-type virus grew equally well at both temperatures. Complementation tests divided the mutants into seven groups. Six groups synthesized neither infectious virus nor RNA when incubated at 38 C from the beginning of infection. Temperature shift-up experiments demonstrated that three of these complementation groups were blocked in early steps required for RNA synthesis, but these gene functions were not needed throughout the replicative cycle. In contrast, the other three RNA-negative complementation groups were defective throughout the replicative cycle in functions required for virus-specific RNA synthesis. Only one mutant, which complemented all of the above, synthesized RNA but not infectious virus when placed at 38 C; the hemagglutinin of this mutant functioned only at the permissive tempera...
Research Interests: RNA, Biology, Virology, Medicine, Biological Sciences, and 15 moreMutation, Virus, Animals, Plant tissue Culture Techniques, Complementation, Temperature, Glycoproteins, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Lung, Neuraminidase, Tritium, Mutagens, fluorouracil, Chick embryo, and Medical and Health Sciences
The four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. Herein, we present the first study of sylvatic DENV infection... more
The four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. Herein, we present the first study of sylvatic DENV infection dynamics in a primate. Three African green monkeys were inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) DENV-2 strain PM33974 from the sylvatic cycle, and one African green monkey was inoculated with 10(5) pfu DENV-2 strain New Guinea C from the human cycle. All four monkeys seroconverted (more than fourfold rise in 80% plaque reduction neutralization titer [PRNT80]) against the strain of DENV with which they were inoculated; only one (33%) of three monkeys infected with sylvatic DENV showed a neutralizing antibody response against human-endemic DENV. Virus was detected in two of three monkeys inoculated with sylvatic DENV at low titer (≤ 1.3 log10pfu/mL) and brief duration (≤ 2 days). Clinical signs included rash and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (...
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Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, HIV, Biological Sciences, real time PCR, and 15 moreHumans, Animals, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, Vaccine, Rhesus macaques, Vaccinia Virus, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Lymph Node, Neutralizing antibodies, Lymph nodes, Viral Load, Neutralization tests, Medical and Health Sciences, and limit of detection
Research Interests: Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, and 9 moreMultidisciplinary, Cell line, Humans, Mutation, Drug Resistance, Membrane Fusion, Peptides, PLoS one, and Gp
ABSTRACTSooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain healthy though they harbor viral loads comparable to those in rhesus macaques that progress to AIDS. To assess the immunologic basis of disease... more
ABSTRACTSooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain healthy though they harbor viral loads comparable to those in rhesus macaques that progress to AIDS. To assess the immunologic basis of disease resistance in mangabeys, we compared the effect of SIV infection on T-cell regeneration in both monkey species. Measurement of the proliferation marker Ki-67 by flow cytometry showed that mangabeys harbored proliferating T cells at a level of 3 to 4% in peripheral blood irrespective of their infection status. In contrast, rhesus macaques demonstrated a naturally high fraction of proliferating T cells (7%) that increased two- to threefold following SIV infection. Ki-67+T cells were predominantly CD45RA−, indicating increased proliferation of memory cells in macaques. Quantitation of an episomal DNA product of T-cell receptor α rearrangement (termed α1 circle) showed that the concentration of recent thymic emigrants in blood decreased with age over a 2-l...
Research Interests: Flow Cytometry, Aging, Biology, Virology, Innate immunity, and 15 moreMedicine, T cell receptor, Biological Sciences, Animals, Disease resistance, Immune system, Rhesus macaques, Macaca Mulatta, Cercocebus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Cell Proliferation, Viral Load, Molecular Sequence Data, Medical and Health Sciences, and Peripheral blood
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Research Interests: Polymorphism, Common Property, Biology, Medicine, HIV, and 15 moreBiological Sciences, Macaca, Cell line, Humans, Animals, Lentivirus, Genes, Macaque, Genetic Divergence, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Amino Acid Sequence, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Molecular Sequence Data, and Medical and Health Sciences
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HIV preferentially infects activated T cells, and activated mucosal CD4+ T cells are the primary sites of viral replication. One potential explanation for increased HIV acquisition rates in the STEP study is that vaccination with... more
HIV preferentially infects activated T cells, and activated mucosal CD4+ T cells are the primary sites of viral replication. One potential explanation for increased HIV acquisition rates in the STEP study is that vaccination with adenoviral (Ad) vectors increased CD4+ T cell activation levels at the site of infection, a concept that others and we continue to explore. Whether vaccination with HIV vaccine platforms increases the activation state of CD4+ T cells within peripheral tissues, such as the gastro-intestinal (GI) mucosa, is exceptionally important to determine as a vaccine safety measure, given the susceptibility of activated CD4+ T cells to HIV infection. In this study we examined whether vaccination with DNA plasmids and chemokine adjuvants alter the activation state of T cells within the GI mucosa, inguinal LN, and peripheral blood. T cell activation state was measured by expression of CD25, CD69, and HLA-DR over the course of the prime/boost study. DNA plasmid vaccination...
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Research Interests: Immunology, Immune response, Biology, Medicine, real time PCR, and 15 moreAntiretroviral Therapy, Immunity, Chronic Disease, Animals, Drug Resistance, Hiv Infection, Clinical Sciences, Human immunodeficiency virus, Immune system, Macaca Mulatta, Disease Progression, Retrovirology, Adenine, Antibody Response, and Chronic Infection
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ABSTRACTRabies virus (RV) has recently been developed as a novel vaccine candidate for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The RV glycoprotein (G) can be functionally replaced by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) if the gp160... more
ABSTRACTRabies virus (RV) has recently been developed as a novel vaccine candidate for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The RV glycoprotein (G) can be functionally replaced by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) if the gp160 cytoplasmic domain (CD) of HIV-1 Env is replaced by that of RV G. Here, we describe a pilot study of the in vivo replication and immunogenicity of an RV with a deletion of G (ΔG) expressing a simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6PEnv ectodomain and transmembrane domain fused to the RV G CD (ΔG-89.6P-RVG) in a rhesus macaque. An animal vaccinated with ΔG-89.6P-RVG developed SHIV89.6Pvirus-neutralizing antibodies and SHIV89.6P-specific cellular immune responses after challenge with SHIV89.6P. There was no evidence of CD4+T-cell loss, and plasma viremia was controlled to undetectable levels by 6 weeks postchallenge and has remained suppressed out to 22 weeks postchallenge.
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We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque model to study events that underlie sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Four female rhesus macaques were inoculated intravaginally with... more
We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque model to study events that underlie sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Four female rhesus macaques were inoculated intravaginally with SIVmac251, and then killed 2, 5, 7, and 9 d later. A technique that detected polymerase chain reaction-amplified SIV in situ showed that the first cellular targets for SIV were in the lamina propria of the cervicovaginal mucosa, immediately subjacent to the epithelium. Phenotypic and localization studies demonstrated that many of the infected cells were likely to be dendritic cells. Within 2 d of inoculation, infected cells were identified in the paracortex and subcapsular sinus of the draining internal iliac lymph nodes. Subsequently, systemic dissemination of SIV was rapid, since culturable virus was detectable in the blood by day 5. From these results, we present a model for mucosal transmission of SIV and HIV-1.
Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, Dendritic Cells, HIV, Cell fusion, and 15 moreFemale, Animals, Polymerase Chain Reaction, The, Autopsy, Macaque, Rhesus macaques, Experimental Medicine, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Base Sequence, Lymphatic System, Molecular Sequence Data, Medical and Health Sciences, and HIV infections
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Previous studies have shown that vaccination and boosting of rhesus macaques with attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors encoding Env and Gag proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)... more
Previous studies have shown that vaccination and boosting of rhesus macaques with attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors encoding Env and Gag proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) hybrid viruses protect rhesus macaques from AIDS after challenge with the highly pathogenic SHIV 89.6P (23). In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of a single prime-boost protocol consisting of VSV vectors expressing SHIV Env, Gag, and Pol proteins to that of a protocol consisting of a VSV vector prime followed with a single boost with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the same SHIV proteins. After challenge with SHIV 89.6P, MVA-boosted animals controlled peak challenge viral loads to less than 2 × 10 6 copies/ml (a level significantly lower than that seen with VSV-boosted animals and lower than those reported for other vaccine studies employing the same challenge). MVA-boosted animals have shown excellent preservation of CD4 ...
Research Interests: Biology, Virology, Medicine, HIV, Recombinant DNA Technology, and 14 moreBiological Sciences, Virus, Animals, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, Human immunodeficiency virus, Rhesus macaques, Vaccinia Virus, Macaca Mulatta, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Base Sequence, Neutralizing antibodies, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Viral Load, and Medical and Health Sciences
Natural infection with simian retrovirus (SRV) has long been recognized in rhesus macaques (RMs) and may result in an AIDS-like disease. Importantly, SRV infections persist as a problem in recently imported macaques. Therefore, there is a... more
Natural infection with simian retrovirus (SRV) has long been recognized in rhesus macaques (RMs) and may result in an AIDS-like disease. Importantly, SRV infections persist as a problem in recently imported macaques. Therefore, there is a clear need to control SRV spread in macaque colonies. We developed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SRV vaccine consisting of replication-competent hybrid VSVs that express SRV gag and env in separate vectors. The goal of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the VSV-SRV serotype 2 vaccine prime-boost approach in RMs. The VSV-SRV vector (expressing either SRV gag or env ) vaccines were intranasally administered in 4 RMs, followed by a boost 1 month after the first vaccination. Four RMs served as controls and received the VSV vector alone. Two months after the boost, all animals were intravenously challenged with SRV-2 and monitored for 90 days. After the SRV-2 challenge, all four controls became infect...
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Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been extensively utilized as a viral vector system for the induction of protective immune responses against a variety of pathogens. We constructed recombinant VSVs specifying either the Indiana or... more
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been extensively utilized as a viral vector system for the induction of protective immune responses against a variety of pathogens. We constructed recombinant VSVs specifying either the Indiana or Chandipura virus G glycoprotein and ...