Peter Roelofsma

ABSTRACT Many of our daily decisions involve evaluations between present and future benefits and costs. It is often the case that we have to make judgments and choices, both common and important, the outcomes or consequences of which may occur at some future moment in time. Decisions of this type, in which the realization of outcomes may lie in the imminent or remote future, have been referred to as intertemporal choices. Intertemporal choices have been frequently analyzed by the concept of time discounting and the corresponding discounting utility (DU) model. The validity of this conventional economic model for describing intertemporal decisions has recently been examined by several researchers. They questioned the conventional model by stating that an exponential declining discount function cannot explain the empirical finding of time-inconsistent preferences as a function of elapsed time. Such inconsistent preferences are incompatible with the standard discounting model. The paper reviews other phenomena that cannot be accounted for by the conventional time-discounting model. Several alternative approaches to DU will be discussed and their descriptive validity assessed with respect to these anomalies.

ABSTRACT In this paper the ambient intelligent care environment is described as an attachment figure for the user. In attachment theory the attachment figures is the base from which the individual interacts with the environment, explores the world and copes with distress. We claim that a socio-emotional lasting relation with a system as an attachment figure is a necessary prerequisite for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems to be accepted by users as support in daily care. We observe that most AAL systems lack such an approach. Four scales that measure the quality of attachment are suggested to be used to evaluate AAL systems. We address a variety of components that are required to make a successful attachment between the system and the user for persons that are in need of care. As a basis for the attachment the theory of Ainsworth [1] is used. These factors builds a socio-emotional relationship with the user and help in maintaining or increasing the well being of the user. This socioemotional relationship can be an important explanation for the successfulness of an ambient assisting system in the healthcare domain.

ABSTRACT Researchers studying virtual coaching have identified a variety of characteristics associated with heightened motivation, but have not, to date, identified a mechanism underlying the success of particular coaches. This project tests two possible explanations for how coaches heighten motivation: the first is the straightforward explanation that coaching heightens self-efficacy, which in turn raises motivation; the second is the more novel idea that the quality of the pseudo-relationship between the virtual coach and the trainee is key to motivation. In an experiment comparing three systematically differing coaches, virtual coaches heightened both self-efficacy and parasocial interaction in some coaching conditions, but only parasocial interaction explained the patterns of results for intrinsic motivation. The findings have important theoretical implications for understanding the effects of parasocial interaction on health behaviors, with practical applications for the design of virtual coaches to improve health.

... Daniel Read Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , a and Peter HMP Roelofsma b. ... The first such elicitation effect reported was [Lichtenstein and Slovic, 1971] comparison between choice and matching (pricing) of bets. ...

... Pattern type Preference ordera Pattern type I4 I3 T ab bc cd ac bd ad T I3 I4 1 abcd dcba 33 2 bacd À dcab 34 3 acbd À dbca 35 4 abdc À cdba 36 5 (abc)d À d(cba) 37 6 a(bcd) À (dcb)a 38 7 (abcd) À (dcba) 39 8 (cba)d À À d(abc) 40 9 badc À À cdab 41 10 bcad À À dacb 42 ...