Petar Vodenicharov

Using the linguistic turn in psychoanalysis (J. Lakan, J. Kristeva), the author analyzed the unpublished autobiographical memories of State Security General Mircho Spasov, a mass murderer responsible for the eitsblishing of communist concentration camps. His memories are compared with his personnel file in the State Security. The lack of a father, the suicidal mother who abandoned him, the alienation from kinship, religious and institutional symbolic networks lead to a rethinking of the punishing in a rewarding social situation with the help of communist anti-language, conspiratorial publicity and the grandiose utopia for an all-powerful, self-sufficient, phallic "Mother Communist Party". Sado-masochic pre-Oedipal regression is associated with early narcissistic trauma and the problem of the Other-eroticizing the power over Others and the power of the Others. The analysis is supported by the similar biographical profiles of the Head of State Todor Zhivkov, a friend of Mircho Spasov, and his colleague from the State Security-the terrorist Mitka Grubcheva.

The object of the study is the biographical trajectories of a "new" social group of women - the one of the professional translators, which appeared in Russia in the early 1860s. For the "new" women, the right to intellectual labor is an important duty, not only out of economic but also out of moral reasons, as an acceptable framework for women's freedom. The article examines in parallel the life trajectories of the leaders of the women's movement, who set the beginning of their civic organization of translators, or "Artel", as they call it.

The author follows the different stages of the formation of the Azerbaijan nation from the second half of the 19th century till the Second world war. From the sociolinguistic point of view the processes of language planning and policy during the different stages – pan-Islamism, pan – Turkism and Azerbaijanism, have been analysed. Special attention has been payed to the European influences on the culture and alphabet choice in Azerbaijan. The processes of cultural and language engineering in USSR during the time of building pseudo –nations defined by Stalin with the ambivalent notion „socialist in content and national in form„ has been analysed with special emphasis on the reasons for changing alphabets – Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic, and again Latin.

Using the method of the critical discourse analysis and the insights of George Orwell „1984“ the author aims at analysing the propaganda mechanisms (production distribution and perception) of the totalitarian press in the 1950-s. The socio-political context of the press and the new relations between orality and literacy because of the domination of the new elite (mainly of village origin and with low education) have been outlined. The text analysis discovers the duality of the themes, the centralized and passive sources of the texts, new genres and the new imagery explained by some psychoanalytical concepts. The structure of the newspeak changed considerably with logoside and intensive production of neologisms, especially abbreviations, abundance of euphemisms and doublethinks which aim at closing the thought in vicious circles.

... in the 1960s and 1970s1 Abstract The article researches changes in gender identities during the period of na-tional communism in the ... many pre-modern mentalities, producing a strain of nationalism close to tribalism and gender relations best de-scribed as state patriarchy. ...

With the method of critical discourse analysis, the author explores the language and ideologies of the communist State Security regarding the Protestant denominations in Bulgaria. The study is based on archival documents of the State Security, memoirs of Christian pastors and studies of the repression of Protestant churches. Parallels are drawn with the peculiarities of Orwell's totalitarian newspeak and Klemperer's Third Reich language. The main features of the communist newspeak are outlined-a fanatical and exalted language, a language-a spell that dehumanizes, pathologizes and represses the class Enemy, just as the Nazi language condemns and destroys the racial Enemy. In addition to cruel, the communist language shares shears also other features of totalitarian newspeak: a monochrome black and white language that demonizes the Enemy and favors Power, falsification of history, doublethinks numb critical thinking in vicious circles. These peculiarities determine the cunning of the State Security discourse, which allows ignoring the Constitution and the laws in their apparent observance.

In 1991, Bulgaria adopted the Law on Civil and Political Rehabilitation of Persons Repressed under Communism. The law came into force only in 1993 and continued until 1996. The article critically analyses the law and points out its undemocratic character in relation to the Pomaks, victims of the violant assimilation, the so called "revival" process. The Ordinance to the Law puts the victims in the position of seeking proof of innocence from the same repressive authorities that persecuted and killed them. The approved, but mostly rejected Decisions of the Municipal, District and Central Commissions, are analyzed and kept in the State Archive-Blagoevgrad (SAB) and Central State Archive-Sofia (CSA). The article traces the tendency of the Commissions to reject applications for rehabilitation of Pomaks, affected by the worst cases of murder and imprisonment during the name change.

The object of the study is the biographical trajectories of a "new" social group of women - the one of the professional translators, which appeared in Russia in the early 1860s. For the "new" women, the right to intellectual labor is an important duty, not only out of economic but also out of moral reasons, as an acceptable framework for women's freedom. The article examines in parallel the life trajectories of the leaders of the women's movement, who set the beginning of their civic organization of translators, or "Artel", as they call it.

... in the 1960s and 1970s1 Abstract The article researches changes in gender identities during the period of na-tional communism in the ... many pre-modern mentalities, producing a strain of nationalism close to tribalism and gender relations best de-scribed as state patriarchy. ...

In the paper we followed the tradition of priests serving in the Russian Army during the wars in the 19 th century. Their statute and functions and the process of establishing a centralized structure of the military clergy directly subjected to the tsar have been analyzed. Special attention has been paid to the participation of the military Orthodox clergy in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 – 1878 but the functions of the priests of other denominations – Catholic, Protestant, Muslim and Jewish have also been analyzed. The mechanisms of using religion for military purposes in the past and the restoration of the system of military clergy in today's Russia were also researched.

The article is part of a larger study of documents related to one of the communist regime's biggest crimesthe massacre without trial and the conviction of local elites (25-30 000 people) in a particularly sadistic way. The study is based on David Ovadia's documentary "Levanevsky" dedicated to a participant in the Partisan Fighters' Movement, convicted not only for political but also for criminal offences and who led the sadistic murders of innocent civilians after the communist coup. The questions I want to answer to are: what are the reasons for the moral relativism of the author who tries to justify Levanevsky as a legendary hero. How long can anti-fascist rhetoric legitimize any crimes regardless of their scale and cruelty; what are the biographical psychoanalytical causes of communist sadism? The psychoanalytical analysis (linguist ic turn in psychoanalysis) reveals a recurring biographical schemea despotic mother and an uninteriorized fatherly authority, which is not compensated by the symbolic networks of kinship, religion, school, army, profession. The involvement of criminals in the partisan movement compromises the anti-fascist movementan atmosphere of fear, power battles, arbitrary killings and robberies was brought about. Reconstracting the life trajectory of Levanevski who was used and misused by the communists (killed without court and sentence after the communists took power) we could consider him as a representative of the peasant anarchism rather than the conscious antifascist struggle. Statistic data about the social and educational status of the Bulgarian partisan fighters (1941-1944) are also provided.

The article follows the development of the memory culture in Bulgaria since the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 until present days concerning historiography, memory places, celebrations, school textbooks. The transformation of the traditional religious memory about the war into modern memory policies is analyzed in the present article. Thereby three main periods are critically examined: The period after the Liberation until 1944, dominated by the myth of San Stefano Bulgaria; the communist period (1944-1989), dominated by the myth of the double liberators; and the post-communist period (1989 until present days), marked by memory conflicts and wars. From traditional religious memory to modern memory policies Politics of memory concerns the battles for the meaning of the past articulated in different forms by different agents-Church, state, citizens, individuals; an unequal battle to install certain memories in the center of the cultural world at the expense of others doomed to marginalization and oblivion.

The purpose of the issue is to develop students’ curiosity to the history of people living in South East Europe. We approach the past not from the overall perspective of highest political peaks but from the perspective of everyday life of common people. Many of today difficulties of women and men to communicate and understand each other, to find proper realization could be traced back into the past. We would like to teach young people to be more sensitive to the presence of past attitudes, values and stories into their lives. We would like to encourage them to seek better understanding of the others – the ones of opposite gender, of different age and nation Approaching the history of gender relations in South East Europe, we would rather try to outline the common problems of people of Eastern countries than to present different national traditions. We put greater emphasis on the things that connect men and women – love, profession, and human dignity - than on the ones opposing them. Ideals of being “true” male and being “true” female vary in different social groups and change in the course of time. We behave “like a man” or “like a woman” not so much because of our biological specifics but because of certain social expectations and established traditions. This book is the second one in the series of Additional history teaching materials. In 2001, “Childhood in the Past” was published by M. Ristoviæ and D. Stojanoviæ (Association for Social History, Belgrade). We would recommend also the academic volumes “Childhood in South East Europe”, Belgrade-Graz, 2001 and “Gender Relations in South Eastern Europe” Belgrade-Graz, 2002. All of the books were developed as part of the project “ History and History Teaching in South East Europe” coordinated by Karl Kaser (Department for Southeast European History, University of Graz).* We hope that our book will bring young people closer to the various life worlds of the past and will contribute to better understanding and cooperation of the new generations of South East Europe. 0. TOC 1.Love and Marriage in Patriarchal Society 9 2.Body 19 3.Education 33 4.Ideal Woman? 45 5.Love and Marriage in Bourgeois Society 55 6.Work of Men, Work of Women 67 7.Leisure and Beauty in Modern Times 77 8-9 Politics and Emancipation 89 10. Love and Marriage in Communist Society

The paper is provoked by the rejection and falsification of the messages of the Istanbul Convention in Bulgaria and other post-communist countries which caused a wave of homophobia. The author tries to prove that neither in the communist period nor in the post-communist period a real emancipation of women was achieved, the theme of homosexuality was a taboo (in the communist period), over-presented in the first decade of the transition and later stigmatize by the rise of the populist nationalistic discourse. During the communist period, the so called “Unions of the fighters against fascism” turned into the male clientelistic networks granted with many privileges and marginalizing female antifascists. The critical discourse analysis of the press (1976) reveals male dominance and silencing of women playing mostly a decorative role. After the democratic changes the same male actors (nomenclature and former state security officers) benefited from the privatization, but the so called “mu...

Using the method of the critical discourse analysis and the insights of George Orwell „1984“ the author aims at analysing the propaganda mechanisms (production distribution and perception) of the totalitarian press in the 1950-s. The socio-political context of the press and the new relations between orality and literacy because of the domination of the new elite (mainly of village origin and with low education) have been outlined. The text analysis discovers the duality of the themes, the centralized and passive sources of the texts, new genres and the new imagery explained by some psychoanalytical concepts. The structure of the newspeak changed considerably with logoside and intensive production of neologisms, especially abbreviations, abundance of euphemisms and doublethinks which aim at closing the thought in vicious circles.

The author follows the different stages of the formation of the Azerbaijan nation from the second half of the 19th century till the Second world war. From the sociolinguistic point of view the processes of language planning and policy during the different stages – pan-Islamism, pan – Turkism and Azerbaijanism, have been analysed. Special attention has been payed to the European influences on the culture and alphabet choice in Azerbaijan. The processes of cultural and language engineering in USSR during the time of building pseudo –nations defined by Stalin with the ambivalent notion „socialist in content and national in form„ has been analysed with special emphasis on the reasons for changing alphabets – Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic, and again Latin.