Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and prospects, 2006
4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and ... more 4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and Peter Söderbaum Introduction ... Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds N. Halberg, HF Alrøe, MT Knudsen and ES Kristensen) 113 ...
The organic sector is one of the fastest growing sectors globally. The sector provides an opportu... more The organic sector is one of the fastest growing sectors globally. The sector provides an opportunity for developing countries to export high value products in the global market. One such opportunity for Uganda is the export of organic pineapples. The organic pineapple enterprise is relatively new, having existed for approximately 10 years. This paper traces the organic pineapple value chain, characterises and explains the functions of the actors in the chain. The study used the Global Value Chain Analysis Framework, using data obtained from 140 organic farmers, 10 exporters and 3 support institutions in Uganda. It is clear from the study that the chain is private- sector-driven, has relatively young smallholder farmers, and comprises of 10 small scale export companies. Only 45% of the organic pineapples produced by farmers reach the organic consumers. Reasons for this included limited processing capacity of exporters, competition from conventional buyers and the few local organic consumers. Other reasons were declining soil fertility, limited regulative institutional support and poor infrastructure. We recommend increased use of soil amendments, favourable legislations and investment environment, increased horizontal coordination among exporters and increasing the range of the organic export products in order to increase organic pineapple sales.
The Brazilian organic food sector has experienced important growth during the last two decades. B... more The Brazilian organic food sector has experienced important growth during the last two decades. Brazilian smallholders, however, are facing huge challenges to enter and benefit from this growth in a sustainable way. Combining the lens of New Institutional Economics and socio-anthropology, we analyze six experiences of Brazilian smallholders who converted to organics in the 1990s'. Three different food systems are featured in this analysis: an alternative food system, which is strongly interwoven with the Brazilian Agro-ecological movement and two commercial food procurement systems oriented towards domestic and an export markets driven mainly by supermarket chains. The analytical focus was on 1) the governance of these food systems, 2) the constraints farmers are facing within these food systems and, 3) the benefits that they can expect from market inclusion. We highlighted the roles that NGOs, Faith-based organizations and public-related agencies play in supporting the inclusion of smallholders into all three food systems. We confirmed the arguments in support of pursuing the agro-ecological development based model in Brazil, but underlined that there is a critical lack of support for farmers included in the commercial market-oriented food systems. Such a lack is even more critical as the food systems driven by expanding supermarket chains are characterized by strong asymmetric power relations at the expense of smallholders. Considering the reluctance of NGOs and Faith-based organizations to support these farmers, we call for efforts to be made to provide a policy framework to enable public-related entities to secure sustainable inclusion into these systems and exit strategies for those experiencing exclusion from these highly competitive food systems.
A desscription on the history, production- and market status and future prospects of the organic ... more A desscription on the history, production- and market status and future prospects of the organic food sector in Tanzania baseline 2010
... Mette Meldgaard, konsulent. ... I fremtiden vil man i produktudviklingen se mere fokus på: St... more ... Mette Meldgaard, konsulent. ... I fremtiden vil man i produktudviklingen se mere fokus på: Stedbundethed, som udtrykt i "fair trade", "terroir" og "region" eller "estate" og nye differentieringskriterier, som håndhøst, speciel behandling efter høst og speciel forarbejdning ...
4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and ... more 4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and Peter Söderbaum Introduction ... Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds N. Halberg, HF Alrøe, MT Knudsen and ES Kristensen) 113 ...
Page 1. FORSKNINGSNYTT om økologisk landbruk i Norden Nr 1 Mars 2003 Indhold og troværdighed Helh... more Page 1. FORSKNINGSNYTT om økologisk landbruk i Norden Nr 1 Mars 2003 Indhold og troværdighed Helhedsorienteret forskning i det økologiske fødevare-netværk kan give bedre kommunikation mellem producen-ter og forbrugere. ...
Afdelingen for Jordbrugets Driftsøkonomi v/. Paul Rye Kledal. ... af bedrifterne står for mælkepr... more Afdelingen for Jordbrugets Driftsøkonomi v/. Paul Rye Kledal. ... af bedrifterne står for mælkeproduktionen og lægger beslag på 58 pct. af arealet 3 . En opbremsning i den økologiske mælkesektor vil derfor alt andet lige få stor betydning for udviklingen i den økologiske sektor. ...
This paper analyses to what extent Chinese smallholders are included and benefit from converting ... more This paper analyses to what extent Chinese smallholders are included and benefit from converting their land to organic vegetable production supplying chains under two different property rights regimes destined for either export or domestic sales. Two case areas were chosen for investigation: 1) the Shanghai metropolis where organic vegetable production goes solely for domestic consumption an 2) the rural area around Taian city in the province of Shandong where the organic vegetable production is destined for export only. In the Shanghai metropolis small holders are not included at all in the organic vegetable production. Due to better off-farm employment the local county has instead mediated a land transfer of their property right and land use to organic farm enterprises, giving new jobs to migrant workers and local women. In the Shandong case the village cooperative act as a contractor between an organic processing industry and the many smallholders in the village. The small holder...
If one should compare the complexity of the geo-physical landscape of Iran with another nation it... more If one should compare the complexity of the geo-physical landscape of Iran with another nation it would be Spain. Both countries have a vast central tableland, arid summers, and are often bitterly cold in winter. Both also have wild mountainous areas that are infertile. However, in Iran the scale is larger (Iran is over three times the size of Spain), the mountains are loftier (more than 4'000 meters), and the extremes of heat and cold are more pronounced. The country itself is an elevated plateau (more than 1'000 meters above sea level) set between two ...
Public food procurement offers the prospect for an alternative development path toward market inc... more Public food procurement offers the prospect for an alternative development path toward market inclusion, upgraded skills, and raised income for smallholder farmers. In Bolivia, the current public administration favors smallholder participation by regulating a preference of up to 40% for smallholders and local producers as opposed to other types of suppliers. However, smallholders' provision to local public institutions remains limited. To analyze the reasons for this, three municipalities with different approaches to smallholder procurement were investigated in a multiple-case study. Using transaction cost theory, our findings show that high transaction costs and pure market coordination act as strong barriers to smallholders' active participation. We found that hybrid governance structures, based on different types of relationship-oriented coordination and market exchange enable the inclusion of smallholders via: a) direct and active support from decision-makers, b) gate openers at the municipalities, and c) community embeddedness that supports trust-building and reduces uncertainty. Thus, our study contributes to opening up the ‘black box’ of hybrids in transaction cost theory by illustrating how social capital influences the mechanisms through which resources are distributed – a dimension inadequately considered in the traditional transaction cost theory approach.
Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and prospects, 2006
4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and ... more 4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and Peter Söderbaum Introduction ... Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds N. Halberg, HF Alrøe, MT Knudsen and ES Kristensen) 113 ...
The organic sector is one of the fastest growing sectors globally. The sector provides an opportu... more The organic sector is one of the fastest growing sectors globally. The sector provides an opportunity for developing countries to export high value products in the global market. One such opportunity for Uganda is the export of organic pineapples. The organic pineapple enterprise is relatively new, having existed for approximately 10 years. This paper traces the organic pineapple value chain, characterises and explains the functions of the actors in the chain. The study used the Global Value Chain Analysis Framework, using data obtained from 140 organic farmers, 10 exporters and 3 support institutions in Uganda. It is clear from the study that the chain is private- sector-driven, has relatively young smallholder farmers, and comprises of 10 small scale export companies. Only 45% of the organic pineapples produced by farmers reach the organic consumers. Reasons for this included limited processing capacity of exporters, competition from conventional buyers and the few local organic consumers. Other reasons were declining soil fertility, limited regulative institutional support and poor infrastructure. We recommend increased use of soil amendments, favourable legislations and investment environment, increased horizontal coordination among exporters and increasing the range of the organic export products in order to increase organic pineapple sales.
The Brazilian organic food sector has experienced important growth during the last two decades. B... more The Brazilian organic food sector has experienced important growth during the last two decades. Brazilian smallholders, however, are facing huge challenges to enter and benefit from this growth in a sustainable way. Combining the lens of New Institutional Economics and socio-anthropology, we analyze six experiences of Brazilian smallholders who converted to organics in the 1990s'. Three different food systems are featured in this analysis: an alternative food system, which is strongly interwoven with the Brazilian Agro-ecological movement and two commercial food procurement systems oriented towards domestic and an export markets driven mainly by supermarket chains. The analytical focus was on 1) the governance of these food systems, 2) the constraints farmers are facing within these food systems and, 3) the benefits that they can expect from market inclusion. We highlighted the roles that NGOs, Faith-based organizations and public-related agencies play in supporting the inclusion of smallholders into all three food systems. We confirmed the arguments in support of pursuing the agro-ecological development based model in Brazil, but underlined that there is a critical lack of support for farmers included in the commercial market-oriented food systems. Such a lack is even more critical as the food systems driven by expanding supermarket chains are characterized by strong asymmetric power relations at the expense of smallholders. Considering the reluctance of NGOs and Faith-based organizations to support these farmers, we call for efforts to be made to provide a policy framework to enable public-related entities to secure sustainable inclusion into these systems and exit strategies for those experiencing exclusion from these highly competitive food systems.
A desscription on the history, production- and market status and future prospects of the organic ... more A desscription on the history, production- and market status and future prospects of the organic food sector in Tanzania baseline 2010
... Mette Meldgaard, konsulent. ... I fremtiden vil man i produktudviklingen se mere fokus på: St... more ... Mette Meldgaard, konsulent. ... I fremtiden vil man i produktudviklingen se mere fokus på: Stedbundethed, som udtrykt i "fair trade", "terroir" og "region" eller "estate" og nye differentieringskriterier, som håndhøst, speciel behandling efter høst og speciel forarbejdning ...
4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and ... more 4 Ecological economics and organic farming Paul Rye Kledal,* Chris Kjeldsen, Karen Refsgaard and Peter Söderbaum Introduction ... Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects (eds N. Halberg, HF Alrøe, MT Knudsen and ES Kristensen) 113 ...
Page 1. FORSKNINGSNYTT om økologisk landbruk i Norden Nr 1 Mars 2003 Indhold og troværdighed Helh... more Page 1. FORSKNINGSNYTT om økologisk landbruk i Norden Nr 1 Mars 2003 Indhold og troværdighed Helhedsorienteret forskning i det økologiske fødevare-netværk kan give bedre kommunikation mellem producen-ter og forbrugere. ...
Afdelingen for Jordbrugets Driftsøkonomi v/. Paul Rye Kledal. ... af bedrifterne står for mælkepr... more Afdelingen for Jordbrugets Driftsøkonomi v/. Paul Rye Kledal. ... af bedrifterne står for mælkeproduktionen og lægger beslag på 58 pct. af arealet 3 . En opbremsning i den økologiske mælkesektor vil derfor alt andet lige få stor betydning for udviklingen i den økologiske sektor. ...
This paper analyses to what extent Chinese smallholders are included and benefit from converting ... more This paper analyses to what extent Chinese smallholders are included and benefit from converting their land to organic vegetable production supplying chains under two different property rights regimes destined for either export or domestic sales. Two case areas were chosen for investigation: 1) the Shanghai metropolis where organic vegetable production goes solely for domestic consumption an 2) the rural area around Taian city in the province of Shandong where the organic vegetable production is destined for export only. In the Shanghai metropolis small holders are not included at all in the organic vegetable production. Due to better off-farm employment the local county has instead mediated a land transfer of their property right and land use to organic farm enterprises, giving new jobs to migrant workers and local women. In the Shandong case the village cooperative act as a contractor between an organic processing industry and the many smallholders in the village. The small holder...
If one should compare the complexity of the geo-physical landscape of Iran with another nation it... more If one should compare the complexity of the geo-physical landscape of Iran with another nation it would be Spain. Both countries have a vast central tableland, arid summers, and are often bitterly cold in winter. Both also have wild mountainous areas that are infertile. However, in Iran the scale is larger (Iran is over three times the size of Spain), the mountains are loftier (more than 4'000 meters), and the extremes of heat and cold are more pronounced. The country itself is an elevated plateau (more than 1'000 meters above sea level) set between two ...
Public food procurement offers the prospect for an alternative development path toward market inc... more Public food procurement offers the prospect for an alternative development path toward market inclusion, upgraded skills, and raised income for smallholder farmers. In Bolivia, the current public administration favors smallholder participation by regulating a preference of up to 40% for smallholders and local producers as opposed to other types of suppliers. However, smallholders' provision to local public institutions remains limited. To analyze the reasons for this, three municipalities with different approaches to smallholder procurement were investigated in a multiple-case study. Using transaction cost theory, our findings show that high transaction costs and pure market coordination act as strong barriers to smallholders' active participation. We found that hybrid governance structures, based on different types of relationship-oriented coordination and market exchange enable the inclusion of smallholders via: a) direct and active support from decision-makers, b) gate openers at the municipalities, and c) community embeddedness that supports trust-building and reduces uncertainty. Thus, our study contributes to opening up the ‘black box’ of hybrids in transaction cost theory by illustrating how social capital influences the mechanisms through which resources are distributed – a dimension inadequately considered in the traditional transaction cost theory approach.
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organic farmers, 10 exporters and 3 support institutions in Uganda. It is clear from the study that the chain is private- sector-driven, has relatively young smallholder farmers, and comprises of 10 small scale export companies.
Only 45% of the organic pineapples produced by farmers reach the organic consumers. Reasons for this included limited processing capacity of exporters, competition from conventional buyers and the few local organic consumers.
Other reasons were declining soil fertility, limited regulative institutional support and poor infrastructure. We recommend increased use of soil amendments, favourable legislations and investment environment, increased horizontal coordination among exporters and increasing the range of the organic export products in order to increase organic pineapple sales.
organic farmers, 10 exporters and 3 support institutions in Uganda. It is clear from the study that the chain is private- sector-driven, has relatively young smallholder farmers, and comprises of 10 small scale export companies.
Only 45% of the organic pineapples produced by farmers reach the organic consumers. Reasons for this included limited processing capacity of exporters, competition from conventional buyers and the few local organic consumers.
Other reasons were declining soil fertility, limited regulative institutional support and poor infrastructure. We recommend increased use of soil amendments, favourable legislations and investment environment, increased horizontal coordination among exporters and increasing the range of the organic export products in order to increase organic pineapple sales.