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Research Interests: Art History and Art
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The term stećak (pl. stećci) is used in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian languages to refer to mediaeval monolithic tombstones from Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well from the nearby territories of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. Their... more
The term stećak (pl. stećci) is used in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian languages to refer to mediaeval monolithic tombstones from Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well from the nearby territories of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. Their number is estimated at between 50,000 and almost 70,000. The earliest preserved stećci come from the 12th century, whereas the latest date to the beginning of the 16th century. Their forms vary, but most often they have the shape of a slab, vertical or horizontal monolith, or stylized cross. Some of them have images – engraved or carved in low relief – representing, e.g., weaponry, people, animals, genre scenes (hunting, fighting, dancing), various symbols and ornaments, and – very seldom – short inscriptions. In the past, they were attributed to the followers of the Bogomil heresy or the stock-breeding Vlachs, they were also regarded as original products of the mediaeval Bosnian population – created independently from external influences and models, as a sign of the revival of the traditional Slavic pagan beliefs dating back to the times of the Indo European community. According to the currently prevalent assumption, stećci – with their forms and symbols – fit the broad trend of European sepulchral art referring to the ethos of chivalry and Christianity, but at the same time they were a means used to manifest the distinctive character of the local elites and groups aspiring to be included in them. The images present on stećci – especially genre scenes and heraldic motifs – are an invaluable source of information about the culture and life of local elites in mediaeval Bosnia.
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It is debatable to what extent so-called grave goods (items intentionally deposited in burials) reflect the actual level of prosperity of people inhumed in early mediaeval graves. The same applies to the types of the burial features in... more
It is debatable to what extent so-called grave goods (items intentionally deposited in burials) reflect the actual level of prosperity of people inhumed in early mediaeval graves. The same applies to the types of the burial features in which they were inhumed. Whether the deceased were supplied with particular items or not – and if so, what kind of goods they were – might have resulted, for example, from the extent to which Christianity (having a unifying influence on funerary rituals) was accepted, as well as from local customs or even family traditions, the actual wealth of the buried people and individual decisions as to whether their opulence should be manifested or not. In Sandomierz, between the end of the 10th and the middle of the 12th century, there were at least three non churchyard row cemeteries. We know 20 other burial sites of this type located in the radius of 20 km from the town. An analysis of materials found in them (grave goods) indicated that in the discussed time the wealth of Sandomierz residents was similar to that of people living in the neighbouring settlements dated to the same period. This assumption, however, is not necessarily correct, because the lack of considerable differences between grave inventories might have resulted from local burial customs followed at that time. Another question is whether such customs were a continuation of earlier local traditions or whether they were shaped by the embracing of elements of Christian funerary rituals. Finally, it is also possible that they resulted from both factors.
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In 2005, rescue excavations were carried out at site 22 (discovered a year earlier) in Głazów. Their aim was to record and explore the features visible in the high balk. Two of the examined features were the remains of smoking chambers... more
In 2005, rescue excavations were carried out at site 22 (discovered a year earlier) in Głazów. Their aim was to record and explore the features visible in the high balk. Two of the examined features were the remains of smoking chambers (pits), and the third pit could be of an utility function. Based on the pottery sherds found inside, these features should be dated between the beginning of the 9th and the end of the 10th century. However, in the arable layer of the ground and on the surface of the site, there were mainly fragments of ceramics determined to the 12th – 13th centuries. This dating indicates the two-phase settlement of the early medieval site 22 in Głazów: the first phase – 9th – 10th (or the beginning of the 11th century); the second phase – 12th – 13th centuries. The village Głazów, which exists today, is a direct continuation of the settlement of the second phase.
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Research Interests: Geography and Archaeology
Under the project financed by the National Science Centre no 2014/12/S/HS3/00355 the first series of chronometric data has been obtained which forms the basis for establishing the chronology of the Globular Amphora culture in the... more
Under the project financed by the National Science Centre no 2014/12/S/HS3/00355 the first series of chronometric data has been obtained which forms the basis for establishing the chronology of the Globular Amphora culture in the Sandomierz Upland. It has produced altogether 42 absolute age determinations setting a chronological bracket of the Sandomierz-Opatów subgroup, of which 19 new radiocarbon determinations came from five settlements of this culture. Some are sites known in the literature, while others have been discovered in recent years. In general, the data from the settlements are compatible with the series obtained from graves, but a few dates and materials indicate the possibility of GAC surviving until the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic Europe, Settlement archaeology, Neolithic, and 12 moreChronology, Radiocarbon Dating, Late Neolithic, Radiocarbon Dating (Archaeology), Final neolithic, Globular Amphora Culture, Baden culture, Human Settlement, Amphora, Złota Culture, AMS Radiocarbon Dating, and Neolithic setlement
In 2020–2021, within the limits of Trójca – a medieval village located near a ford on the Vistula River that is today part of Zawichost – artefacts were sought with the use of metal detectors. Next, a survey excavation was conducted,... more
In 2020–2021, within the limits of Trójca – a medieval village located near a ford on the Vistula River that is today part of Zawichost – artefacts were sought with the use of metal detectors. Next, a survey excavation was conducted, resulting in the discovery of e.g. two silver hoards from the 11th and 12th c., single coins from the 11th–12th c. (over 140 specimens) and from later times, merchant’s weights, adornments, minor devotional articles and military accessories (especially from the 11th–13th c.) and many other artefacts. Their discovery makes us suspect that Trójca was one of the most important supralocal trade centres of Lesser Poland in the early Middle Ages. The conducted excavations and research are only the first stage for future archaeological prospections to be conducted in Trójca and will be continued in the years to come.
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Two axes made of striped flint were discovered in Sadłowice (Opatów District), located in the central part of the Sandomierz Upland, by the Opatówka River. One of them is exceptionally large. These artefacts probably come from a damaged... more
Two axes made of striped flint were discovered in Sadłowice (Opatów District), located in the central part of the Sandomierz Upland, by the Opatówka River. One of them is exceptionally large. These artefacts probably come from a damaged grave (or graves) attributed to the Globular Amphora culture.
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The information about an iron spearhead accidentally found in Rudnik nad Sanem that was described as a medieval spearhead was published in Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, Vol. 16. In the course of conservation work the remains of wood were... more
The information about an iron spearhead accidentally found in Rudnik nad Sanem that was described as a medieval spearhead was published in Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, Vol. 16. In the course of conservation work the remains of wood were restored from the socket and subjected to wood species analysis and C14 dating procedure. The research revealed that the shaft was made of maple tree (Acer sp.) that was cut down between 1515 and 1800, most probably in the 17th century. Due to its properties, maple wood is not suitable to be used for spear shaft production. Studies show that the shafts were usually made of ash, less often of oak, occasionally of other wood species. Maple wood, on the other hand, might have been used to make javelins, i.e. throwing weapon. Taking into consideration the modern chronology of the remains of the shaft found in Rudnik, it seems that this arrowhead was used for hunting rather than for combat. Such a possibility was also suggested in the initial communication...
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Research Interests: Philosophy and Malice
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The specific stone curved knives (Krummesser) appeared on the territory of Poland in the 2 nd millenium BC, together with the expansion of new cultural phenomena (Otomani and Trzciniec cultures). Disco veries of this kind are still a... more
The specific stone curved knives (Krummesser) appeared on the territory of Poland in the 2 nd millenium BC, together with the expansion of new cultural phenomena (Otomani and Trzciniec cultures). Disco veries of this kind are still a rarity (26 specimens from 21 sites), and most of them come from the territory of Lesser Poland. Their occurrence in the Carpathian foothills is connected with the presence of the southern Carpathian population, while the specimens found on the left bank of the Vistula, or single artefacts recorded in the Polish Lowland seem to be closely associated with Otomani influences. On the sites of the Trzciniec culture the presence of Krummesser is connected to the occurrence of ceramic vessels with southern characteristics and bronze artefacts. The appearance of Krummesser can be also synchronised with new forms of flint sickle knives, known from the Polish-Ukrainian border area. K e y w o r d s: Early Bronze Age; SouthEastern Poland; Upper Vistula River Basin; Otomani and Problems connected with the specific artefacts made of non-siliceous rocks and called Krummesser (" curved knives ") have been the subject of discussion in the literature for nearly half a century (P r o x 1941). The origin of these artefacts is connected with the territories to the south of the Carpathian Mountains (cf. K o p a c z 2011 — ibid., previous literature). Their presence was also observed on Polish territories, particularly in Małopolska. Already during the first attempts to determine their chronology, attention was drawn to the cultural context of ceramic materials of the Trzciniec culture (B u d z i s z e w s k i 1998, 324, 325) and those of the Otomani culture, also called the Otomani-Füzesabony culture (including V a l d e-N o w a k, G a n c a r s k i 1999, 183). On the territory of Poland, finds of knives made of non-siliceous rocks and mostly dated to the second period of the Bronze Age, are still a rarity — the more valuable then are any new finds, even if their context might sometimes be not very clear. We focus our attention on " curved knives " primarily found in the province of Świętokrzyskie, in the course amateur surface survey on the territory of Połaniec Basin (Niecka Połaniecka), on the border between
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In 2014, a niche grave linked with the Złota culture was accidentally discovered in Kleczanów (Sandomierz district, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship). An approximately 25-year-old man was inhumed inside. He was crippled: one of his legs was... more
In 2014, a niche grave linked with the Złota culture was accidentally discovered in Kleczanów (Sandomierz district, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship). An approximately 25-year-old man was inhumed inside. He was crippled: one of his legs was shorter as a result of an improperly healed fracture. His body was subjected to magical rituals. For example, his skull was separated from the rest of the body and placed in a stone-lined cache. The grave inventory was composed of at least three vessels (a mug with a handle and two amphorae), two bone plaques (belt elements), a bone awl, and a flint arrowhead, as well as animal bones (a pig mandible, limb bones of the following animals: roe deer, medium-sized bird, and sheep or goat). A 14C date obtained from a bone fragment allows us to date the grave to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.
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artykul z: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio F, Historia Vol. 50 (1995), s. 67-76