Max Falque

Cet article explique le role du gouvernement en tant qu'acteur, dans la promotion du developpement durable. Faire attention que l'Etat prend une position qui limite les libertes, agit de forme totalitaire, sans montrer un plan coherent capable d'unir les questions economiques et la protection du bien environnemental. Dans la plupart des mesures, le gouvernement montre l'inefficacite et est nocif pour l'environnement. On fait valoir que pour resoudre ce probleme, les droits de propriete et le marche doivent etre inclus dans le perimetre de protection de l'environnement, etant donne que la liberte et la libre initiative peuvent jouer un role crucial dans la compatibilite des interets economiques avec la protection de l'environnement. Le developpement durable ne peut etre atteint de cette facon.

Ces réglementations concernent un champ très important et ont pour caractéristiques communes «d'affecter le droit de propriété et l'ensemble de ses variantes qui déterminent la relation entre l'homme et le sol notamment : le zonage les grands ouvrages structurants, la protection de l’environnement, la prévention des risques naturels et technologiques, la délivrance des différents permis et autorisations, les restrictions à la libre utilisation du sol ou des bâtiments par de multiples servitudes» 2 .

Este artigo visa demonstrar que os direitos de propriedade estao no centro da discussao ambiental. E de extrema importância trazer para a reflexao do direito ambiental as diferentes facetas dos direitosde propriedade. O papel dos instrumentos economicos, sobretudo os de mercado, e atualmente discutido abertamente (como nas discussoes de Kyoto), mas o termo propriedade continua um tabu, uma vez queesquecemos que nao ha mercado sem direitos de propriedade.

This article aims to defend the idea that the Mediterranean countries could unite around a common project that would remove, in one hand, the threat of conventional or radical interpretation of the Prophet for individual freedoms and ultimately the economic development and environmental quality of the southern Mediterranean countries and revive, on the other hand, what has made the greatness of the West, namely the recognition of freedoms individual through the protection of private property.

"La oü l'interet individuel est supprimepar la violence, il est remplace par un systeme ecrasant de contröle bureaucratique qui tarit les sources de l'initiative et de la creativite. Quand les hommes croient posseder le secret d'une organisation sociale parfaite qui rend le mal impossible, ils pensent utiliser tous les moyens, meme la violence ou la menace, pour la realiser." Jean Paul II, Encyclique Centesimus Annus, 1991-

Depuis une vingtaine d'annees, la solution des problemes environnementaux est d'ordre essentiellement reglementaire. Le recours a la puissance publique apparait a l'opinion comme la seule issue possible. ; ; Pourtant, l'experience prouve que non seulement la reglementation ne resout pas tous les problemes mais encore qu'elle entraine des effets pervers. ; ; Deux ecoles de pensee proposent d'autres solutions susceptibles de mieux gerer les ressources du milieu, tout en evitant le recours a un systeme bureaucratique centralise : ; ; - la Nouvelle Economie des Ressources (New Resource Economies) qui preconise la reactivation des droits de propriete et le recours au marche ; ; ; - la Gestion Patrimoniale pour laquelle la gestion en commun de la nature est possible, sous reserve de connaissance et de negociation entre acteurs prives et publics. ; ; La mise en perspective de ces deux ecoles de pensee met en evidence que si l'appropriation et le marche peuvent resoudre de nombreux problemes, la Gestion Patrimoniale est a meme d'apporter des solutions aux problemes des biens publics purs, par nature inappropriables.

[fre] Une prevision demographique a long terme est necessaire pour evaluer les besoins futurs en eau. Elle interdit le simple prolongement des tendances passees. Il faut tenir compte des changements induits par la modification des habitudes de vie, de l'urbanisation, de la repartition des emplois... [eng] A long term demographic survey is necessary to estimate the future needs in water. This forbids the simple extrapolation of past trends. One must take into account the change introduced by changes in the way of life, in the distribution of jobs, in town planning...

Towards a New Function of Periurban Agriculture. The author maintains that, in the domain of periurban agriculture, ecological considerations must take priority over economic ones. To defend this argument, he describes the development of the American megalopolis; If France is to avoid similar disasters, we should restructure the town intra muros and thoughtfully divide suburban areas among urbanization, agriculture and parks. The urban planner must understand the spatial consequences of demographic and economic expansion and try to minimize the negative or parasitic consumption of space (urbanized surfaces are surrounded by wastelands where fields and forests have been destroyed but not yet replaced by urban constructions), while not neglecting the positive consumption (each urban inhabitant requires 300 to 400 square meters of land). After examining the inadequacies of contemporary economic policies concerning the localization of agricultural areas, the author explains the concept ...

Part 1 Legal and Regulatory Issues: Introduction, M. Falque Property rights and seabirds, A. Charlez Fertilization of the open ocean - effects of private property rights, economics and the environment, M. Markels, Jr. Fisheries, property rights and regulation of fisheries in Ancient Rome - Nihil Noui Sub Mari, Y. Peuriee Existing law - a help or a hindrance? A case study of marine ranching, H. Pickering European and French sea fisheries legislation in search of individual transferable quotas, J.-L. Prat Property rights and fisheries in OECD countries, C.-C. Schmidt Property rights and marine pollution, P. Simon The evolution of the UK Fisheries management - an overview, G. Valatin. Part 2 Economics: Introduction, H. Lamotte Property rights and marine resources - theoretical foundations and applications, J.-P. Centi Equity and management instruments in fisheries, J. Catanzano, S. Cunningham Overcoming the "new tragedy of the commons" - a commercial framework is inevitable, R. Edwards, M. Smallridge Modeling individual transferable quotas for renewable resources, L.-P. Mahe, C. Ropars Managing renewable resources - theoretical and empirical issues for the case of fishing resources, S. Mairesse, V. David Economic, institutional and social conditions for efficient property rights, H. Rey-Valette Beyond regulatory solutions - controlling overfishing with access controls, J.-P. Troadec Do private property rights lead to the sustainable development and management of marine resource? An analysis, C. Vanderstricht. Part 3 Institutions: Introduction, M. Falque Implementation and future of marine property rights, R. Beattie Saving Canada's fisheries - why we should move from government regulation to systems of self-managed ownership, E. Brubaker Fisheries policy of Russia in 1998-1999, V.V. Chevtchenko Remapping the waters - the significance of sea tenure-based protected areas, J. Cordell Private property rights, markets and regulation in the 21st Century, M. De Alessi When ideas conspire with circumstances - introducing individual transferable quotas in Iceland's fisheries, H.H. Gissurarson Co-management and crisis in fisheries science and management, B.J. McCay Privatization of marine resources in European Union countries - an overview of national situations, C. Nordmann Artificial reef immersions in the Languedoc-Roussillon coastal zone, B. Pary General report and final remarks, H. Lamotte.