Joachim Henkel

Unter bestimmten Bedingungen wird auf einem unregulierten Markt ein okonomisch effizientes Resultat erreicht. In der Realitat sind diese Bedingungen allerdings zumeist nicht erfullt, da verschiedene Arten von Marktversagen auftreten. In solchen Fallen konnen staatliche Eingriffe helfen, ein gegenuber dem unregulierten Markt verbessertes Resultat zu erreichen. Allerdings sind solche Eingriffe nicht unproblematisch — die Existenz eines Problems bedeutet noch nicht, dass auch eine Losung dazu existiert.

Die Entwicklung und der Einsatz von Software-Systemen, gleich welcher Art, finden niemals im rechtsfreien Raum statt und stehen immer in gewisser Wechselwirkung mit wirtschaftlichen Interessen aller Beteiligten. Die Betrachtung technischer Aspekte von Software-Entwicklung und Software-Einsatz lasst sich daher nicht vollstandig von rechtlichen (insbesondere lizenzrechtlichen) Rahmenbedingungen losen, und meist sind es wirtschaftliche Faktoren, die die Modifikation und Fortentwicklung der technischen Prozesse in diesem Bereich auslosen. Umgekehrt ist naturlich auch zum Verstandnis der rechtlichen Probleme und der wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen die Kenntnis dieser technischen Aspekte notig.

Synthetic biology holds great promise for a number of application areas, and in particular for human health care. It may help to address the challenge of ever increasing innovation cost that the pharmaceutical industry is currently facing, with the number of new drugs approved per billion US dollar spent on research and development halved every 9 years since 1950. In this book chapter we review the challenges that the pharmaceutical industry is confronted with, present and analyze examples of applications of synthetic biology in this field, and discuss potential changes to the industry’s intellectual property management that the advent of synthetic biology might bring about.

... 45, D-80539 Munich, Germany, phone: +49-89-2180-5606, fax: +49-89-2180-6284, email:gruber@bwl.uni-muenchen.de. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ... group comparisons which are biased towards the own group (Bass and Dunteman 1963, Dustin and ...

In biand multilateral interactions, parties frequently make weak commitments, i.e., commitments to future actions from which they may nonetheless deviate at some cost. For example, partners in a strategic alliance usually increase their mutual commitment step by step, where intermediate stages imply only a weak commitment. This paper proposes a new mechanism by which weak commitments lead to improved cooperation between interacting parties. The paper presents evidence that this mechanism helps to explain the emergence of cooperation for a large number of situations.

The market for patent licenses, despite its paramount importance for technological innovation, shows various inefficiencies. A particular problem with widely used technical standards such as LTE and Wi-Fi, is the lack of information regarding which patents are ‘essential’ to implement the standard. This information is crucial because it simplifies determining infringement and implies specific ‘FRAND’ licensing rules. While many standards-developing organisations stipulate that such patents are explicitly declared, little is known about which are actually essential. The absence of publicly available information on essentiality incurs significant social costs due to the resulting friction in the licensing market. With the growing use and importance of standards to mobility and energy markets, and to the Internet of Things, these costs are likely to increase. Responding to calls from industry, courts, and policymakers, commercial and academic studies have attempted to assess essentiali...

Jeder Handler im E-Commerce steht vor der Frage, welche Zahlungsverfahren er seinen Kunden anbieten will. Dazu ist ein Marktuberblick uber eine Vielzahl von Systemen erforderlich. Um daraus das richtige Zahlungsverfahren auszuwahlen, muss vorher genau bestimmt werden, welche Anforderungen sich in dem spezifischen Anwendungsfall an das E-Payment-Verfahren stellen. Dazu gibt dieser Beitrag einen Leitfaden.

Ankundigungen sind im Wirtschaftsleben an der Tagesordnung. Mineralolgesellschaften kundigen Preisanderungen einige Tage im voraus an, und die meisten Kataloge und Preislisten stellen insofern Ankundigungen dar, als sie vor ihrer Gultigkeit erhaltlich sind. Aktiengesellschaften geben die Hohe ihrer Dividendenzahlungen einige Monate vorher bekannt, und die voraussichtliche Markteinfuhrung neuer Produkte wird teilweise sogar Jahre im voraus publik gemacht. Auf der politischen Buhne spielen Ankundigungen von Verhandlungspositionen eine grose Rolle, z.B. im Vorfeld internationaler Verhandlungen uber Abrustung, Handel oder Umweltschutz.

... Ethical Considerations in Internet Code Reuse: A Model and Empirical Test May 2010 Manuel Sojer,1 Oliver Alexy,2 and Joachim Henkel1,3 1Technische Universität München, Schöller Chair in Technology and Innovation Management, Arcisstr. 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany. ...

In this paper, we suggest an approach to application identification based on von Hippel’s lead user method, adapted in such a way that it starts from a given technology rather than from an application area. Our approach complements existing methods for application identification, but it also differs from them by focusing on trends, and thus dynamic aspects of needs, by involving users at the leading edge of the market and by leapfrogging the manufacturer, thus eventually creating market pull from lead users. We describe the method, demonstrate its viability using exploratory case studies, and provide theoretical arguments regarding when and why a disintermediation of the manufacturer is effective.

A method is developed to analyse the wavefunctions of one-electron atoms interacting with a short and strong laser pulse. It is shown that the occupation probability density of the degenerate subspaces to the same quasienergy of the instantaneous Floquet functions can be determined even if the system contains a continuum. The method is demonstrated by two calculations, one involving bound

... In section 2 we start by sketching important theoretical traits of the interaction of intense, short AC pulses and then turn to quantum mechanical model calculations pertaining to the vibrational spectrum of diatomic molecules approximated by a Morse potential and to hydrogen. ...

ABSTRACT Patent sharks, small firms that exploit information asymmetries in markets for technology to gain patent-based competitive advantages, challenge established theory by which (i) markets for technology benefit large firms and (ii) intellectual property rights systems strictly support markets for technology. Empirically linking the sharks' different assault strategies to the patents they deploy, we illustrate that patent sharks will likely be an enduring phenomenon in markets for technology. We discuss policy and strategy implications. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

How firms manage to profit from innovation is a central question in the literature on innovation management. Extant empirical studies have analyzed the effectiveness of mechanisms that support firms in profiting from innovation on the macro-level, focusing on how it varies with industry and geography. However, there has been little analysis of these appropriability mechanisms on a more detailed level. We address this gap in three ways: (1) by exploring nonlinearities in a mechanism’s effectiveness as a function of its level; (2) by studying trade-offs between appropriability mechanisms, and (3) by studying their effectiveness contingent on the firm’s competitive position. To this end we conducted a choice-based conjoint analysis with 319 participants managing various appropriability mechanisms. Our findings help to solve puzzles resulting from macro-level studies and have implications for firms trying to maximize value appropriation from innovation.

... efficiency gains (low transaction cost, ...) Page 5. Patterns of free revealing / Joachim Henkel / EPIP4, 2004-10-01 5 HP Digital Entertainment Center Hitachi Vision Plate Wireless Tablet LinkSys WPG11 Wireless Router Mercedes UMTS test car Motorola Smartphone A760 ...

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Zusammenfassung Venture Capital gehört hierzulande zu den jüngeren Finanzierungsformen. Die Entwicklung der letzten Jahre zeigt dabei deutlich, dass den hohen Renditeerwartungen bei Beteiligungen an innovativen Unternehmensgründungen eine besondere Unsicherheit in Bezug auf deren späteren Erfolg gegenüber steht. Von zentraler Bedeutung sind deshalb Forschungsarbeiten, die sich mit der Beurteilung von Gründungsvorhaben durch Venture-Capital-Gesellschaften, insbesondere den dabei ...

An important and intriguing aspect of e-entrepreneurship is the formation of new ventures in the domain of open source software (OSS). Previous research on these ventures has primarily looked at the design of business models. The purpose of this paper is to explore how three key challenges of venture management–the liabilities of newness and smallness of start-ups and market entry barriers–affect new ventures in OSS. Based on empirical data from personal interviews and a large scale survey, we find that several liabilities that are ...

Open-Source-Software (OSS) ist in vielfacher Hinsicht faszinierend. Sie ermoglicht die Vereinigung zwischen Wettbewerb und kollektivem Eigentum; die Integration des Produktnutzers in den Erstellungsprozess; die Beteiligung von einzelnen Programmieren ebenso wie das Engagement von grosen Konzernen; die gleichzeitige Verfolgung von Wettbewerb und Kooperation sowie die Vereinigung von altruistischem Verhalten mit okonomischem Nutzenkalkul.

Unter „Software“ im engeren Sinne wird im landlaufigen Sprachgebrauch eine Sammlung von Anweisungen, sogenannten Programmen, verstanden, die durch einen Computer (Hardware) ausgefuhrt werden konnen. Die historische Entwicklung der Software-Industrie soll hier kurz skizziert werden, um den Status Quo der Industrie und die heute gebrauchlichen Geschaftsmodelle verstehen zu konnen.10