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Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and musclin are myokines implicated in glucose uptake signaling. SPARC has been shown to increase expression of GLUT4 on myocytes, while musclin...
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David D. Church, Jay R. Hoffman, FACSM, Gerald T. Mangine, Adam R. Jajtner, Jeremy R. Townsend, Adam M. Gonzalez, Kyle S. Beyer, Ran Wang, Carleigh H. Boone, Michael B. La Monica, Amelia A. Miramonti, Adam, J. Wells, David H. Fukuda,... more
David D. Church, Jay R. Hoffman, FACSM, Gerald T. Mangine, Adam R. Jajtner, Jeremy R. Townsend, Adam M. Gonzalez, Kyle S. Beyer, Ran Wang, Carleigh H. Boone, Michael B. La Monica, Amelia A. Miramonti, Adam, J. Wells, David H. Fukuda, Jeffrey R. Stout, FACSM. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA. Kent State University, Kent, OH. Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN. Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. (Sponsor: Jay R. Hoffman, FACSM)
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Mangine, GT, Hoffman, JR, Gonzalez, AM, Townsend, JR, Wells, AJ, Jajtner, AR, Beyer, KS, Boone, CH, Wang, R, Miramonti, AA, LaMonica, MB, Fukuda, DH, Witta, EL, Ratamess, NA, and Stout, JR. Exercise-induced hormone elevations are related... more
Mangine, GT, Hoffman, JR, Gonzalez, AM, Townsend, JR, Wells, AJ, Jajtner, AR, Beyer, KS, Boone, CH, Wang, R, Miramonti, AA, LaMonica, MB, Fukuda, DH, Witta, EL, Ratamess, NA, and Stout, JR. Exercise-induced hormone elevations are related to muscle growth. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 45–53, 2017—Partial least squares regression structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine relationships between the endocrine response to resistance exercise and muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. Pretesting (PRE) measures of muscle size (thickness and cross-sectional area) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris were collected in 26 resistance-trained men. Participants were randomly selected to complete a high-volume (VOL, n = 13, 10–12RM, 1-minute rest) or high-intensity (INT, n = 13, 3–5RM, 3-minute rest) resistance training program. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, 30-minute, and 60-minute postexercise during weeks 1 (week 1) and 8 (week 8) of training. The hormonal responses (testosterone, growth hormone [22 kD], insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol, and insulin) to each training session were evaluated using area-under-the-curve (AUC) analyses. Relationships between muscle size (PRE), AUC values (week 1 + week 8) for each hormone, and muscle size (POST) were assessed using a consistent PLS-SEM algorithm and tested for statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) using a 1,000 samples consistent bootstrapping analysis. Group-wise comparisons for each relationship were assessed through independent t-tests. The model explained 73.4% (p < 0.001) of variance in muscle size at POST. Significant pathways between testosterone and muscle size at PRE (p = 0.043) and muscle size at POST (p = 0.032) were observed. The ability to explain muscle size at POST improved when the model was analyzed by group (INT: R 2 = 0.882; VOL: R 2 = 0.987; p < 0.001). No group differences in modal quality were found. Exercise-induced testosterone elevations, independent of the training programs used in this study, seem to be related to muscle growth.
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Skeletal muscle biology, Medicine, Biomechanics of strength and conditioning, Humans, and 13 moreInternal Medicine, Testosterone, Human Growth Hormone, Strength and Conditioning, Male, Resistance Training, Young Adult, Athletes, Rest, Adult, Hormone, hydrocortisone, and Quadriceps Muscle
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You might find this additional info useful...This article cites 38 articles, 18 of which can be accessed free at:http://jap.physiology.org/content/108/1/60.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 4 other HighWire hosted... more
You might find this additional info useful...This article cites 38 articles, 18 of which can be accessed free at:http://jap.physiology.org/content/108/1/60.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 4 other HighWire hosted articles€[Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol, June , 2010; 108 (6): 1825-1831.Andrew Philp, Miranda D. Grounds, Marianne Hede and Nadia RosenthalEvgenia Kachaeva, Olga Turtikova, Toomas Leinsoo, Evgeny Lysenko, D. Lee Hamilton, Thea Shavlakadze, Manlio Vinciguerra, Karyn A. Esser, Yao-Hua Song, Bill T. Ameredes,Keith Baar, Elisabeth R. Barton, Johan Svensson, Paul T. Loughna, Stephen D. R. Harridge, Espen E. Spangenburg, Stuart M. Phillips, Shi Yu Yang, Antonio Musaro, Boris S. Shenkman,regulator of muscle massmuscle massComments on Point:Counterpoint: IGF is/is not the major physiological Comments on Point:Counterpoint: IGF is/is not the major physiological regulator of€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Physiol, August 15, 2010; 588 (16): 3119-3130.M. PhillipsStaples, Nathan E. Cain, Joshua G. A. Cashaback, James R. Potvin, Steven K. Baker and Stuart Nicholas A. Burd, Andrew M. Holwerda, Keegan C. Selby, Daniel W. D. West, Aaron W.molecule phosphorylation in young menResistance exercise volume affects myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic signalling€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol, February , 2011; 110 (2): 561-568.Andrew Philp, D. Lee Hamilton and Keith Baarindependent activation of mTORC1Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodeling by resistance exercise: PI3-kinase€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol, February , 2011; 110 (2): 309-317.Dela, Jorn W. Helge, James A. Timmons and Stuart M. PhillipsPeter K. Davidsen, Iain J. Gallagher, Joseph W. Hartman, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Flemmingskeletal muscle microRNA expressionHigh responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation ofUpdated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at:http://jap.physiology.org/content/108/1/60.full.html Additional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at:http://www.the-aps.org/publications/japplThis infomation is current as of July 26, 2011.€
Research Interests: Philosophy and Anabolism
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The purpose of this study was to investigate anabolic signaling responses in resistance-trained men, and to examine the influence of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition on the magnitude of...
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15, IL-6 or CX3CL1. Significant correlations were observed between maximal squat and bench press strength and CX3CL1 AUC at PR-T (r=-0.516, p=0.020; r=-0.630, p=0.003; respectively) and PO-T (r=-0.556, p=0.011; r=-0.680, p=0.001;... more
15, IL-6 or CX3CL1. Significant correlations were observed between maximal squat and bench press strength and CX3CL1 AUC at PR-T (r=-0.516, p=0.020; r=-0.630, p=0.003; respectively) and PO-T (r=-0.556, p=0.011; r=-0.680, p=0.001; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term resistance training programs appeared to reduce post-exercise IL-15 concentrations. In addition, strength appeared to have an inverse relationship with CX3CL1 concentrations.
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Research Interests: Endocrinology, Inflammation, Innate immunity, Medicine, Exercise Science, and 15 moreHumans, Internal Medicine, Male, Resistance Training, Young Adult, CD, Myoglobin, Chemokine, Monocytes, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCR, Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise, hydrocortisone, Monocyte, and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)
Research Interests: Skeletal muscle biology, American Football, Soccer, Medicine, Biomechanics of strength and conditioning, and 12 moreMuscle strength, Humans, United States, Female, Resistance Training, Reaction Time, Young Adult, Universities, Physical Fitness, Vertical Jump, Athletic performance, and Muscle Architecture
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women"http://www.jissn.com/content/4/1/20Journal of the International... more
<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women"http://www.jissn.com/content/4/1/20Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2007;4():20-20.Published online 26 Nov 2007PMCID:PMC2244642.The greatest slope was a result from the highest power output. b. The relationship for the power outputs versus slope coefficients with the y-intercept defined as the EMGfor subject 5C.
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Minimal nutrition intervention with high-protein/low-carbohydrate and low-fat, nutrient-dense food supplement improves body composition and exercise benefits in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial
Position Statement: The following nine points related to the use of creatine as a nutritional supplement con-stitute the Position Statement of the Society. They have been approved by the Research Committee of the Soci-ety. 1. Creatine... more
Position Statement: The following nine points related to the use of creatine as a nutritional supplement con-stitute the Position Statement of the Society. They have been approved by the Research Committee of the Soci-ety. 1. Creatine monohydrate is the most effective ergogenic nutritional supplement currently available to athletes in terms of increasing high-intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training. 2. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is not only safe, but possibly beneficial in regard to preventing injury and/or management of select medical conditions when taken within recommended guidelines. 3. There is no scientific evidence that the short- or long-term use of creatine monohydrate has any detrimental
COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severely detrimental effect on the physical, psychological, and functional well-being of older adults by forcing them to limit their social activities. This study investigates the amount and intensity of... more
COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severely detrimental effect on the physical, psychological, and functional well-being of older adults by forcing them to limit their social activities. This study investigates the amount and intensity of daily physical activity (PA) in older adults, living under the social distancing guidelines during COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study, 124 community-dwelling older adults (Age:60–96 years, mean:75±7.14) were recruited via word-of–mouth and key person approach between March 2021-August 2021. Participants completed an online survey on COVID-19 questionnaires and wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for consecutive 7 days in free-living conditions. Euclidean Norm Minus One cut-points were used to estimate the total time spent in sedentary behavior (SB), light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Results showed that, 7% had COVID-positive, 55% perceived moderate severity of COVID in their area, 31% reported...
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β-Alanine is one of the more popular sport supplements used by strength/power athletes today. The popularity of β-alanine stems from its ability to enhance intracellular muscle-buffering capacity thereby delaying fatigue during... more
β-Alanine is one of the more popular sport supplements used by strength/power athletes today. The popularity of β-alanine stems from its ability to enhance intracellular muscle-buffering capacity thereby delaying fatigue during high-intensity exercise by increasing muscle carnosine content. Recent evidence also suggests that elevated carnosine levels may enhance cognitive performance and increase resiliency to stress. These benefits are thought to result from carnosine's potential role as an antioxidant. This review will discuss these new findings including recent investigations examining β-alanine supplementation and increased resiliency to posttraumatic stress and mild traumatic brain injury. This review will focus on the physiology of carnosine, the effect of β-alanine ingestion on carnosine elevations, and the potential ergogenic benefits it has for competitive and tactical athletes.
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The effects of creatine and creatine plus β-alanine on strength, power, body composition, and endocrine changes were examined during a 10-wk resistance training program in collegiate football players. Thirty-three male subjects were... more
The effects of creatine and creatine plus β-alanine on strength, power, body composition, and endocrine changes were examined during a 10-wk resistance training program in collegiate football players. Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to either a placebo (P), creatine (C), or creatine plus β-alanine (CA) group. During each testing session subjects were assessed for strength (maximum bench press and squat), power (Wingate anaerobic power test, 20-jump test), and body composition. Resting blood samples were analyzed for total testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, IGF-1, and sex hormone binding globulin. Changes in lean body mass and percent body fat were greater (P < 0.05) in CA compared to C or P. Significantly greater strength improvements were seen in CA and C compared to P. Resting testosterone concentrations were elevated in C, however, no other significant endocrine changes were noted. Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of creatine and creatine p...
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Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a metabolic and anabolic biomarker that has been proposed to reflect physiological adaptations resulting from multistressor environments. The bioactivity of IGF-I is regulated by seven different... more
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a metabolic and anabolic biomarker that has been proposed to reflect physiological adaptations resulting from multistressor environments. The bioactivity of IGF-I is regulated by seven different insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) which act not only as carriers of IGF-1, but also function as a modulator of IGF-I availability and activity. Supplementing with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to enhance physiological outcomes associated with intense training, and has been reported to augment the IGF-1 response. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 23days of HMB supplementation on circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBPs in combat soldiers during highly intense military training. Thirteen male soldiers from an elite infantry unit volunteered to participate in this double-blind, parallel design study. Soldiers were provided 3g·day(-1) of either HMB (n=6) or placebo (PL; n=7). During the study soldiers...
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Creatine supplementation is one of the most studied and effective ergogenic aids for athletes. The multifaceted mechanisms by which creatine exerts its beneficial effect include increasing anaerobic energy capacity, increasing protein... more
Creatine supplementation is one of the most studied and effective ergogenic aids for athletes. The multifaceted mechanisms by which creatine exerts its beneficial effect include increasing anaerobic energy capacity, increasing protein synthesis, and decreasing protein breakdown, leading to increased muscle mass and physical performance. While these well-recognized creatine effects benefit the athlete, creatine may also serve as a potential clinical and therapeutic supplementary treatment to conventional medical interventions. Several studies have examined the effects on conditions such as diabetes, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, cancer, rehabilitation, and pulmonary and cardiovascular health. This Special Issue aims to provide comprehensive reviews of creatine supplementation effects for health and clinical diseases. an Open Access Journal by MDPI
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Background: Previous research combining Calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) and running high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have shown positive effects on aerobic performance measures. The purpose of this study was to... more
Background: Previous research combining Calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) and running high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have shown positive effects on aerobic performance measures. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyric free acid (HMBFA) and cycle ergometry HIIT on maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2)peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and time to exhaustion (T-max) in college-aged men and women. Methods: Thirty-four healthy men and women (Age: 22.7 +/- 3.1 yrs; VO(2)peak: 39.3 +/- 5.0 ml center dot kg(-1)center dot min(-1)) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo-controlled design study. All participants completed a series of tests prior to and following treatment. A peak oxygen consumption test was performed on a cycle ergometer to assess VO(2)peak, Tmax, VT, and RCP. Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned into either a placebo (PLA-HIIT) or 3 g per day of...
The immune function is closely related to iron (Fe) homeostasis and allostasis. The aim of this bioinformatics-assisted review was twofold; (i) to update the current knowledge of Fe metabolism and its relationship to the immune system,... more
The immune function is closely related to iron (Fe) homeostasis and allostasis. The aim of this bioinformatics-assisted review was twofold; (i) to update the current knowledge of Fe metabolism and its relationship to the immune system, and (ii) to perform a prediction analysis of regulatory network hubs that might serve as potential biomarkers during stress-induced immunosuppression. Several literature and bioinformatics databases/repositories were utilized to review Fe metabolism and complement the molecular description of prioritized proteins. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to build a protein-protein interactions network for subsequent network topology analysis. Importantly, Fe is a sensitive double-edged sword where two extremes of its nutritional status may have harmful effects on innate and adaptive immunity. We identified clearly connected important hubs that belong to two clusters: (i) presentation of peptide antigens to the immune sy...
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Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are physiologically essential molecules for life, given they serve as rapid and localized support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. This evolutionary advantage is based on the action of... more
Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are physiologically essential molecules for life, given they serve as rapid and localized support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. This evolutionary advantage is based on the action of creatine kinase (CK) isozymes that connect places of ATP synthesis with sites of ATP consumption (the CK/PCr system). Supplementation with creatine monohydrate (CrM) can enhance this system, resulting in well-known ergogenic effects and potential health or therapeutic benefits. In spite of our vast knowledge about these molecules, no integrative analysis of molecular mechanisms under a systems biology approach has been performed to date; thus, we aimed to perform for the first time a convergent functional genomics analysis to identify biological regulators mediating the effects of Cr supplementation in health and disease. A total of 35 differentially expressed genes were analyzed. We identified top-ranked pathways and biological processes mediating...
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Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic... more
Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic potential, creatine monohydrate has been investigated as a supplemental agent to mitigate the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of acute and chronic conditions. A review of the literature was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of creatine supplementation on rehabilitation from immobilization and injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary disease, and other muscular disorders. Several of the findings are encouraging, showcasing creatine’s potential efficacy as a supplemental agent via preservation of muscle mass, strength, and physical function; however, the results are not consistent. For multiple diseases, only a few creatine studies with small sample sizes have been published, making it diffic...
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Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called... more
Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called Na+/Cl−-dependent Cr transporter (CRT). Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4−]2− and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3−]−. We aimed to perform a comprehensive and bioinformatics-assisted review of the most recent research findings regarding Cr metabolism. Specifically, several public databases, repositories, and bioinformatics tools were utilized for this endeavor. Topics of biological complexity ranging from structural biology to cellular dynamics were addressed herein. In this sense, we sought to address certain pre-specified questions including: (i) What happens when creatine is transported into cells? (ii) How is the CK/PCr system involved in cellular bioenergeti...
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Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism,... more
Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, particularly during metabolically stressed states, and limitations in the ability to transport and/or store creatine can impair metabolism. Moreover, increasing availability of creatine in tissue may enhance cellular metabolism and thereby lessen the severity of injury and/or disease conditions, particularly when oxygen availability is compromised. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatine’s role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Additionally, it provides reasonable conclusions about the role of creatine on health and disease based on current sc...
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To examine the reliability and the maturity-related differences of fatigue thresholds (FTs) among youth males. Twenty-nine youth males (11-17 y) completed 2 ramp exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Systemic FTs were calculated from gas... more
To examine the reliability and the maturity-related differences of fatigue thresholds (FTs) among youth males. Twenty-nine youth males (11-17 y) completed 2 ramp exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Systemic FTs were calculated from gas exchange and ventilation variables. Localized FTs were calculated from electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis. All FTs were determined using the maximal distance method and expressed relative to maximal oxygen consumption. All participants were grouped according to the number of years from peak height velocity into PRE- (< -1.5 y), PERI- (-1.5 to +1.5 y) and POST- (> +1.5 y) peak height velocity. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients, and differences between groups were assessed with analysis of variance and Cohen's d coefficients. Analysis of variance revealed significant group differences with PRE having significantly greater systemic pulmonary FTs than POST, while localized mus...
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The present study evaluated the effects of repeated-sprint training in normobaric hypoxia and β-alanine supplementation (BA) on aerobic and anaerobic performance in recreationally active men. Participants were randomly assigned to one of... more
The present study evaluated the effects of repeated-sprint training in normobaric hypoxia and β-alanine supplementation (BA) on aerobic and anaerobic performance in recreationally active men. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: normoxia/β-alanine (NB, n = 11), normoxia/placebo (NP, n = 8), normobaric hypoxia/β-alanine (HB, n = 10) and normobaric hypoxia/placebo (HP, n = 9). All participants completed 8 training sessions over 4 weeks on a cycle ergometer either in normobaric hypoxia (oxygen fraction: FiO = 14.2%) or normoxia (FiO = 20.9%). Participants were instructed to consume a daily dosage of 6.4 g of BA or placebo. Changes in performance in a graded exercise test, repeated-sprint test (RST), and 3-minute all-out test (3MT) were examined before and after training and supplementation. No between-group differences were observed for training volume or supplementation compliance. Anthropometric and hematological measures remained unchanged before and a...
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The majority of barefoot running studies have not considered speed as an influential factor on foot strike pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in foot strike pattern and spatiotemporal characteristics between... more
The majority of barefoot running studies have not considered speed as an influential factor on foot strike pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in foot strike pattern and spatiotemporal characteristics between barefoot and shod overground running at varying speeds. We first determined maximal running speed (Vm) over 50 m in 15 recreationally active men who self-reported as habitual rearfoot strikers. Participants then completed shod and barefoot running trials at different speeds equivalent to approximately 90%, 80%, 70% and 60% of Vm. Sagittal plane two-dimensional (2D) foot-ground contact angle, ankle plantar-dorsi flexion angle, contact time, flight time, step length and step rate variables for each trial were recorded. A significant interaction effect of running speed and footwear condition (p < 0.05) on foot-ground contact angle, ankle plantar-dorsi flexion angle and contact time was observed. There was a main effect of running speed (p < 0.01) on...
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The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of superficial cooling on physiological responses while training in a warm, humid environment during an international judo training camp. Sixteen judokas (8 women and 8 men)... more
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of superficial cooling on physiological responses while training in a warm, humid environment during an international judo training camp. Sixteen judokas (8 women and 8 men) participated in the experiment. Four high-level women and four men were randomly assigned to wear a cooling vest (vest group, VG) during the recovery periods within a training session (i.e. 8 bouts of 5 min fighting with 5 min rest) and up to 10 min after the session, while the remaining athletes in the control group (CG) trained without the use of any cooling aids. No differences between groups were reported in well-being prior to the session or in perceived fatigue following the session. The temperature was increased after the training session (p=0.02) without significant differences between groups; however, CG demonstrated a moderate effect size (ES=0.95, 90% confidence interval [CI] from 0.09 to 1.82; probability of superiority [PS]=74.9%) in contrast to ...
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To evaluate the effects of moderate normobaric hypoxia on the parameters of the work-time relationship in the upper body. Twenty-one recreationally active men completed a graded exercise test in both normobaric hypoxia (H) and normoxia... more
To evaluate the effects of moderate normobaric hypoxia on the parameters of the work-time relationship in the upper body. Twenty-one recreationally active men completed a graded exercise test in both normobaric hypoxia (H) and normoxia (N) to exhaustion on an arm ergometer to determine V̇O2peak and peak power output (PPO). Each participant completed four constant work-rate (CWR) arm-cranking tests at 90-120% PPO in both environmental conditions. Linear regression was used to estimate critical power (CP) and anaerobic working capacity (AWC) via work-time relationship during the CWR tests. H significantly reduced V̇O2peak (N: 2.34 ± 0.34 L vs. H: 2.27 ± 0.34 L, p = 0.041), PPO (N: 125.29 ± 17.98 W vs. H: 121.11 ± 17.98 W, p = 0.001), and CP (N: 90.22 ± 12.88 W vs. H: 85.26 ± 9.64 W, p = 0.042), but had no effect on AWC (N: 9.16 ± 2.81 kJ vs. H: 8.75 ± 3.23 kJ, p = 0.600). Moderate normobaric hypoxia appears to reduce CP in the upper body but has a variable effect on AWC.