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The life of Abraham Lincoln coincided with dramatic societal transformations that shaped the future of the United States. In the center of these developments stood the question whether that nation could continue to grow with the system of... more
The life of Abraham Lincoln coincided with dramatic societal transformations that shaped the future of the United States. In the center of these developments stood the question whether that nation could continue to grow with the system of slavery or not. Inherently linked to an issue that almost dissolved the nation was the problem of racism and the future of race relations after emancipation. To examine Lincoln’s attitudes on slavery and race opens a window for us to look at his own struggles concerning these issues, but at the same time at the political and cultural contentions at large of a nation that he helped to save as President during the American Civil War. His legacy as the Great Emancipator, liberating over four million slaves, has generated a controversial debate on Lincoln’s position towards race and racism.
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The medical problem, more technical in nature, of modifying the defective gene(s) in an individual gamete or zygote by gene therapy and implanting the replaced or repaired genes into the mother thereby producing a healthy child have not... more
The medical problem, more technical in nature, of modifying the defective gene(s) in an individual gamete or zygote by gene therapy and implanting the replaced or repaired genes into the mother thereby producing a healthy child have not yet been surmounted. However, assuming such protocols can be successfully performed, gene therapy will probably be sanctioned universally by health authorities as a legitimate implementation of the mandate on physicians to treat the disabled. Another argument favoring the permissibility of gene therapy or genetic manipulation is the fact that the gamete or even the fertilized zygote is not a person per se. Thus, gene manipulation is not considered as tampering with an existing or even potential human being (foetus). One can also argue that any surgery performed on a live human being must certainly be permitted on a gamete or fertilized zygote. For example, if a cure for hemophilia, Tay Sachs disease or Huntington’s disease were possible, it should surely be permissible and promoted. It seems clear that genetic engineering and gene therapy can and should be used to treat, cure or even prevent diseases. But should these techniques be allowed to alter human traits such as eye color, height, personality, intelligence and facial features? Obviously not. Should we create piano players with three hands? Should we create supermicroorganisms for agricultural purposes? Perhaps, but they may also be used for germ warfare and should therefore be discouraged. To attempt to clone a human being is not legally prohibited in many cultures (Judaism) but is probably morally inappropriate. The possible deleterious effects of genetic engineering and gene therapy are not yet fully known. Can such genetic manipulation unmask inactive cancer gene or alternatively, activate tumor suppressor genes? In addition to the medical and scientific aspects of genetic engineering and DNA recombinant research, the spiritual and theological aspects also require justification. Genetic engineering in medicine has been long researched for transplantation purposes, for example, to make organs or
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Research Interests: History and Immigration
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... Baltimore. Joseph T. GlatthaarK a professor of history at the US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Edward Hagerman is a professor of history at Atkinson College, York University, Toronto, Ontario. ...