JASH MATHEW

This study entitled the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. The general objective of this research is to assess the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. Specific objectives were to analyse relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda; to determine the influence of fundraising on project performance in Rwanda; to determine the effect of funds allocation on project performance in Rwanda; and to analyse the effect of funds control on project Performance in Rwanda. This research was a descriptive-correlational design and used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The population of this study was 91 employees. Questionnaires were used in this study as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequencies and percentages of respondents, while regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to establish relationship between variables under study. The Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences version 16was used in this study. The researcher found that there is a positive relationship between funds allocation and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between funds control and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between fundraising and project performance in Rwanda. The study also found that the regression analysis equation is projects performance (Y) =-0.274 + 0.178* budgeting + 0.635* fundraising + 0.136* funds allocation + 0.583* funds control. This implies that the transition from managing projects requires more focus on budgeting, fund raising, funds allocation and funds control. Based from the discussion, it is concluded that, budgeting, fundraising, funds control and funds allocation plays a big role towards performance of the project. The techniques used during this process of budgeting are supposed to make sure that effective management of funds is done. The management of the project should always make sure that, budgets systems, funds control, funds allocation and fundraising are clear and following the principles of project management to avoid audit queries all the time which may affect the implementation of the project activities.

Concrete is traditionally a solid, substantial building material. It needs to makeover. Small buildings are replaced by high rise buildings and skyscraper. This arises one of the major problem in deriving natural light in building, due to obstruction of nearby structures. To overcome this problem, artificial sources are used to illuminate building, but artificial light leads to increase of heat level in the buildings. To evaluate the effectiveness of the smart transparent concrete, the present study aims at producing the concrete specimens by combining glass rods and optical fibers with different percentage and comparing it with the normal concrete. Two tests are carried out compressive test and light transmission test and cost comparisons are also done.

Geothermal energy has been used for centuries throughout the world. Although geothermal energy is much more environmentally friendly than other types of energy production, there are still aspects of geothermal energy development that can have negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Menengai Geothermal Development Project on the adjacent community. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effect of landscape alteration, environmental pollution, population change, and social responsibility activities associated with the project on the livelihood of adjacent communities. The target population of the study comprised of 1120 households situated in a 5 KM radius of the Menengai Geothermal Project. From this population, a sample of 104 participants was selected using clustered random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive and the Pearson correlation technique. The statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis. Results showed that landscape alteration (r=-0.202) and environment pollution (r=-0.260) had statistically significant, negative, but weak relationships with the livelihood of local communities. Social responsibility activities (r= 0.733) had a positive and strong relationship with the livelihoods of local communities. Only population change was found to have an insignificant relationship with community livelihood. The study recommended that geothermal project implementing companies should invest in social responsibility activities in order to optimize impact on community livelihoods. The company should also develop project designs and technologies that minimize landscape alterations and environmental pollution.

Non-governmental organisations have since the colonial period played a major role in socio economic development in Kenya through designing and implementing projects as well as the actual provision of basic needs services to the disadvantaged groups in rural and urban areas. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of financial planning on project deliverables of Non-Governmental Organizations. The study aimed at analyzing the financial planning that will lead to a better project deliverable of NGOs. The study focused on the aspects of financial planning which include financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards and their effect on the project deliverable of NGOs. The scope of the study was Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme (PISP), Marsabit town, Marsabit Sub-County, Marsabit County. The literature review highlighted the variables used in this study and review what other people have said about them. The researcher reviewed literature of past studies which was related to and consistent with the objectives of this study. Important theoretical and practical problems are brought out, relevant literature on the aspects pertaining to the effect of financial planning on the project deliverable of non-governmental organizations in Kenya. A total of 40 employees were interviewed in the office. The researcher used census method since the target population was less than one hundred persons. Data was collected using Questionnaires which were both closed ended and open ended, where descriptive statistics was utilized to organize and describe the data while excel computer package was used to present the analysis in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The research found out that the effect of financial objectives to project deliverables was good. The organization was able to achieve its set project targets due to the use of financial planning. The study also found out that financial resources affected the project deliverables in PISP, as adequate financial planning resources resulted to achievement of project set targets. The study further found out that financial efficiency affected the project deliverables in PISP. An efficient financial system improved the performance of projects which consequently led to timely achievement of set project targets. Lastly, the research found out that financial standards influenced the performance of projects. The financial planning policies and procedures set by PISP determined how accurate the financial reports submitted to the donors were; they also ensured that the project funds were well utilized per each specific project deliverable. The study recommends for management to ensure financial objectives are set to determine the amount that is needed or desired, the time frame in which it must be made and how the money will be spent. It was also recommended that management needs to ensure adequate, suitable and appropriate financial resources are available to ensure achievement of project deliverables. Further, management should ensure financial planning is in place for optimized utilization of scarce resources. Further studies were recommended on the individual aspects of financial planning that is financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards. Also, a study could also be carried out focusing on factors influencing formulation of financial plans or even challenges faced during formulation of financial plans in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya.

Sociologists have again started meta-theoretical debates about their disciplines in terms of crisis, fundamental goals and purposes, cores and identities. The achievement of " objective knowledge " through this discipline was never beyond question. Hence, the articulation of " truth " through the scientific approaches applied in social science is also obscure to many extents. Of late, often both in academic and in public discussions we hear that truth is contingent on time, space and culture. This contingency of truth also has been developed in many recent academic discourses. However, the basic aim of this paper is to enter into the wider debate ofsocial sciences theories in understanding the " truth/objectivity. " Through this paper, I argue that the forms of truth characteristic of our present are wider than social scientists recognized, their relations to objectivity more various, and their historicity more complex. The truth regime of advanced modernity is characterized by multiple, irreducible truth formulae that coexist and sometimes vie for dominance. Finally, this paper concludes that a new theory emerges from the end of another one and there is no panacea in achieving the truth/objectivity. Since, judging all alternatives rather than one is better as well as tenable to gain knowledge on truth/objectivity.Because trying many alternatives improve our self-evidence and self-evidence is comparatively better in judging the truth/objectivity.

Recurrent drought, the ultimate outcome of deforestation and degradation of resources, reduced access to grazing land and water, urbanization, and unwise mining affect the sustainability of enormous Dryland resources in Ethiopia. As a result, the Ethiopian government has initiated a number of projects including establishments of area exclosure and soil and water conservation. Therefore, this study investigated local people perception on the role of area exlosures in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha. A multistage sampling technique produced surveys from 92 households. The collected data showed that Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha society were highly benefited from area exclosure and they have had a positive attitudes towards the area exclosure practices. However, various problems were also identified such as shortages of firewood (41.3%) and scarcity of pastureland (35.9%) and are associated with the establishment of the area exclosures in the study area. Whilst, unequal distribution of benefits from exclosures (notably grass) among communities is also identified as the major problem in the management of the exclosures. Whereas, about 80.4% of the respondents expressed their conviction that overall the area exclosures are properly managed by the local communities, and they are willing to expand the practices to other unprotected areas in their localities. The study concludes local community had got a positive attitude towards area exclosures practices. Therefore, close relationship among the local communities and other related bodies is essential for the success and amend management practices of area exclosures.

The main aim of the study was be to establish the effects of Transformational leadership on Governance in Kajiado County Government.To capture the required information, the study was be guided by four specific objectives in determining how governance in Kajiado County government was affected by Individualized Considerations, Inspirational Motivation, Idealized Influence and Intellectual Stimulation. The general objective of this study was to assess the effects of transformative leadership on governance in Kajiado County government. Elected and appointed leaders in the Kajiado County Government continue to pursue their self-interest as opposed to County interest by agitating for better emoluments among others even when they are the most well paid public servants in the county. The study reviewed several theories namely Burns theory of transforming leadership, Bass' theory of transforming leadership and Hersey-Blanchard's situational leadership theory. The study also conducted an empirical literature review in order to establish a link with similar past studies. The study sought to bridge the existing leadership gap and what should be done by both senior and junior staff in Kajiado county government to enhance governance. Purposive sampling technique was used in sampling a target population of 687,358 while Slovin's sample size formula and proportionate stratified sampling technique helped to select a sample size of 384 respondents from the targeted sub counties. The researcher administered questionnaires to the respondents to collect primary data while secondary data was collected through documents review. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the main methods of data presentation were frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Out the 384 respondents targeted, 346 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 90%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The study findings indicate that the effects of transformative leadership have a significant negative relationship on governance in Kajiado County Government with both correlation and multiple regression analysis results supporting these findings. The Pearson correlation computation between all the independent variables and the dependent variable were highly significant. The study therefore recommends that performance of a county government needs to be relooked frequently through some measures of performance. Similar studies on transformative leadership should however be done on the other Counties. Further researches on the effects of transformative leadership are needed to ascertain if they agree or disagree with these research findings.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of marketing strategies on the performance of Equity Bank. The study adapted a descriptive research design which was exploratory in nature to obtain qualitative information. The target population was customers of two branches of Equity Bank Westlands, Nairobi County. For the study, a questionnaire was the preferred instrument for data collection and before the study was conducted, the questionnaire was pre-tested to gauge its validity and reliability. In addition, the data analysis with the help of SPSS illustrated the relationship between market strategies and performance of Equity bank. The findings revealed that marketing strategies considered in this study namely customer relationship management and customer satisfaction have a positive relationship with performance. Additionally, the relationship was significant at 95% confidence since p<0.05 for all the four marketing strategies implying that they are important factors affecting performance of Equity bank. When the relationship between each marketing strategy and performance was considered individually, customer relationship management had a strong positive correlation with performance followed by customer satisfaction. The study therefore recommends that the bank should bear in mind factors related to customer relationship management and customer satisfaction in order to attract more customers and increase retention levels. Perhaps, the bank should explore market driven strategies which seeks to address customer needs and use segmentation, targeting and positioning as opposed to mass marketing.

Porter's Five Forces model is a powerful management tool for analyzing the current industry profitability and attractiveness by using the outside perspective. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of Porter's five models on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific research objectives: to establish the influence of new entrants on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to determine how substitute products affect performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to establish the effect of bargaining power of suppliers on performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya and; to establish the effect of industry rivalry on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The population of study comprised of selected telecommunications companies operating in Kenya during the study period. The study used both primary and secondary data. The study used structured questionnaires so as to be able to collect the primary data. These questionnaires were pilot tested before they were fully disbursed to the respondents. Secondary data in this analysis covered a period of 6 years from 2010 to 2015. The results were presented in Figures and Tables. Out the 84 respondents targeted, 77 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 92%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The findings show that there was no much of threat of new entrants in the telecommunications sector in Kenya. The fact that the sector was profitable did not mean automatic attraction of firms to it. The study went on to show that the threat of substitute products faced firms in the telecommunications sector was not much. It is apparent that although internet based communication services were present; they did not have enough subscribers and did not pose enough threat of substitution to the three telecommunications companies. In addition, the findings show that bargaining power of suppliers was not a very strong determinant of the performance of operators. In this regard, the findings obtained show that the suppliers in the telecommunications industry do not have high bargaining power. Industry rivalry was a strong factor affecting the performance of telecommunication firms. Such competition was however strong among suppliers themselves and did not seem to affect the performance of firms considerably. However, since entry to the industry was not easy, Industry rivalry among operators was high since it was not easy for customers to go for substitute products in the market. Performance in the telecommunications sectors was moderate. This could be due to the fact that performance in the three firms was not uniform-with Safaricom Limited having the best performance. Industry rivalry often made firms not achieve their goals and objectives. However, the firms were still able to make profit and perform well. They were also able to make high quality and quantity of products irrespective of Porters five forces in the telecommunications industry. It is recommended that since changes emanating from new entrants in the market could influence the power of suppliers, companies had to have mechanisms of responding to such changes so as to remain in business and since subscribers were the same and making gains in the market could only be achieved if competitors lost their grip on some of their customers; firms had to use all available strategies so as to retain competitive edge and deal with any threat from Porter five forces. The researcher recommends a study on the effect of Porter's five forces model strategy on singular aspects of the organizational performance such as financial, human resource productivity among others. In addition, a study could be undertaken on the effect of customer lock-in on operation of Porter's five forces model in the telecommunications model.

This study focused on the effect of project monitoring on project success in educational non-governmental projects in Gasabo District, Rwanda. It examined the relationship between project monitoring and project success. This research used descriptive research design to establish the relationship between project monitoring and project success of Wellspring Foundation project. Quantitative research approach was used. In this case, data was manipulated using Pearson's correlation, linear regression model. The population under investigation was 140 respondents. The sample of this research was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling method. The primary data was collected from the project managers, M&E Team, sponsors and the recipients from Wellspring Foundation. The findings indicated that project monitoring was being carried out in Wellspring Foundation. The relationship among frequent meetings, site visits, interim valuation and the analysis of financial statements and project success were positive high correlation to project success in Wellspring Foundation. Projects often possess a specialized set of critical success factors in which if well addressed and attended to, improves the likelihood of successful implementation thus project success. Project monitoring is being used widely in the education nongovernment organizations in Rwanda. This report therefore, identified the effect project monitoring on project success, particularly in the Rwandan context. Being a project report, this report provided a framework that identified the factors for project success. The framework was tested empirically using data from educational non government project in Rwanda. The study also recommends that the project sponsors, project managers, M&E team and the teacher Trainers continue to be involved in project monitoring to maintain the success of the project.

The study entitled Effect of Change Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects in Rwanda was carried to analyse the Change Management Practices in the Road Construction Projects in Rwanda and establish their relative effect on the Performance of such Projects in Rwanda. The fact that construction projects are continually confronting challenges to remain competitive and successful compels construction project managers to regularly re-evaluate their strategies, structures, policies, operations, processes and culture. Managing changes in such construction projects effectively is however a main challenge due to its massive activities and human involvement. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the status of construction change management in Rwanda, to determine the sources of change in construction projects in Rwanda and to establish the effect of change management on the performance construction Projects in Rwanda. The study employed a descriptive survey design based on a census design. The target population of 90 employees from Horizon Construction Company Limited was used. A sample size of 90 was drawn by census method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and document reviews. The reliability and validity of the data collection instruments was tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient at an index of 0.70 and based on a 5-point Likert Scale for multiple items obtained from a pilot survey. The content validity of the questionnaires was done by supervisors from the University. Multiple regression analysis, correlation and content analysis were used to establish the effect of Change Management Practices on the Performance of Construction Projects in Rwanda. The findings indicate that there was a significant effect of change management practices on the performance construction projects in Rwanda.

The values of mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy were found for each planet. The orbit of the planet was treated as an ellipse, producing two values-an aphelion and perihelion value. The data from " Equations for Planetary Orbits " was used as the " measured " values and the data from NASA was used as the accepted values. The percent error between the two values was between 0.1% and 0.9%. An adjustment to the equations in " Equations for Planetary Orbits " showed a decrease in this error.

The study aimed at establishing the factors that affect sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish costs of inputs effect on sustainability of fish farming in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; technology effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; skills and training effect on sustainability fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County and social-cultural factors effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in secondary schools in Kiambu County. The research used the descriptive survey approach. The target population of the study was 65fish farming secondary schools project managers in Kiambu County and 10 fisheries officers in each of the constituency. This corresponded to a target population of 75.By the time of data collection some projects had closed down and therefore data was collected from 44 secondary schools. The study adopted the census sampling technique which involved sampling all project managers in the fish farming projects and a fishery officer in each of the constituencies. The sample size of the study was therefore 54 respondents. The study used questionnaires to gather data from project managers and informant interviews from fisheries officers. Descriptive (mean, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages) were adopted together with inferential statistics (correlation and regression) so as to come to a measure of relationship and meanings. The study established that fish farming sustainability in public secondary schools is greatly affected by social-cultural effects where attitudes play a key role. Cost of inputs was another factor where high costs would mean less production. Technology proved to have an effect on sustainability since adoption of technology would result to higher production and thus more sustainability. Skills and training did also have an effect as better skills and training would result to better management. The study recommended more involvement by the government to lower costs of inputs, avail technology together with extension services and enhance the campaign of " eat more fish " together with involving more women in the projects.

A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, during the period from November 2011 to April 2012 to study the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cowdung on growth, yield and proximate composition of brinjal (BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8). Experiment was comprised of 5 treatments with three replications. The highest plant height (80.11cm, 75.56 cm), branch per plant (16.47, 18.80), the lowest days to first flowering (70.47 days, 70.20 days), the highest number of fruit per plant (7.4, 20.47), weight of individual fruit (262.3 g, 70.99 g), yield per plant (1.938 kg, 1.452 kg) and yield per ha (41.03 tons, 30.73 tons) were recorded in T 3 treatment for BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8 respectively. In BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest dry matter (7.59 %, 8.60 %), carbohydrate (3.46%, 4.07 %) and lipid (0.367 %, 0.425 %) were recorded in T 1 whereas the highest crude fiber (2.15%, 2.34 %) and protein (1.323 %, 1.42 %) were obtained in T 3 treatment and the highest ash content (0.337 %, 0.41 %) were found in T 2 treatment. On dry weight basis, in BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest amount of Zn (1.879 mg %, 1.903 mg %) and Na (36.50 mg 536.69 mg %) was recorded in T 1 treatment whereas the highest P (272.6 mg %, 277.3 mg %), Ca (239.7 mg %, 235.4 mg %) and Fe (3.21 mg % 3.021 mg %) were found in T 2 and the highest K (282.4 mg) and Mg (186.4 mg %, 186.9 mg %) were obtained in T 3 treatment. The highest K (282.4 mg) in BARI Begun-6 was obtained in T 3 treatment and in BARI Begun-8, the highest amount K (288.3 mg %) was obtained in T 2 .

The train play a vital role in world i.e. mainly in transporting. The fuel used by train is getting increase in past few year in India and other country's because of population reaching to its height rapidly, so how to utilize the natural energy for our needs is the main question bounce in every human mind .We see many vehicles use a alternator process for generation of electricity for their use, we can use this process of generation of electricity in train but in different manner so that every train single-single bogie can utilized this natural energy and also save the cost of fuel. This energy is utilized further for the safety of passengers in train and for many suitable Automation features which can be helpful for the railway workers in train to manage the safety of train as well as passengers and also backup data for further control.

Background: Transvaginal color Doppler has opened up exciting new possibilities for the better understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of ovarian blood flow, resulting in a number of completely new diagnostic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Objective: To determine whether obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome show different ovarian blood flow pattern in comparison with lean patients. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq. Patients Methods: Eighty patients who are already diagnosed as having polycystic ovary syndrome were arranged in two groups according to their BMI; obese with BMI>30 Kg/m 2 and lean with BMI<25 Kg/m 2. Ovarian blood flow study by Doppler ultrasound including PI, RI and S/D ratio were measured and compared in both groups. Same, serum levels of LH, FSH and total testosterone were measured and compared. Result: The PI index in obese and lean patients was (1.19+/-0.13, 1.02+/-0.21 respectively, p value=0.028), RI in obese and lean patients was (0.53 +/-0.07, 0.61 +/-0.06 respectively, p value=0.000) with statistically significant difference in these values between these two groups. While S/D ratio show no statistically significant difference. LH levels in obese and non obese patients were (10.78-\+1.31, 8.18-\+1.16 respectively, P value=0.000). FSH levels in obese and non obese patients were (3.80-\+1.04, 3.06-/+0.67 respectively, P value 0.000). Testosterone levels in obese and non obese were (1.59-/+0.65, 1.02-/+0.37 respectively, P value 0.ooo). Conclusion: Ovarian Doppler analysis showed an increase in blood flow in obese women with PCOS when compared to non obese PCOS women with significantly increased PI value and decreased RI value.

In this paper a design method for performance enhancement of Hydraulic Turbine Regulating Systemis proposed.A multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is implemented to the PID controller ofHydraulic Turbine Regulatory System(HTRS).Multi-objectivecontroller design method is differ from single-objectiveoptimization and it has more than one objective functions.In this paper ISE and ITSE are chosen as twoobjective functions.Objective is to achieve shortest risetime and minimum overshoot simultaneously.

As per standardized references definition of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) is " An integrated information driven approach comprised of people, processes/practices & technology to all aspects of products life, from its design to manufacture, deployment & maintenance-culminating in the products removal from service & final disposal. " Due to the issues related to the inefficient production management in any enterprises it makes it essential to engineer & incorporate the knowledge of PLM in the production sites. Out of a wide knowledged body (PLM) some concepts are taken into consideration in our paper, like its importance, phases, product cannibalization & so on. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear knowledge of what stages a product goes through starting from its appearance in the market, how companies are influenced in introducing updated version of their products, six-sigma & lean manufacturing methods, etc.

As a collection of lively phenomenon city, life is dependent on series of factors which define the urban spatial structure also. Conventional urban planning typically takes the view that the classification of city activities as commercial, institutional, residential, public, etc. But understanding the urban space in the category of third spaces, gives that real meaning of the urban space. According to that classification there are three spaces as first (home), second (Work place) and third (Other) spaces in the urban environment. In urban planning the second space is the mostly concerned space. There are many different activity based locations and those can be identified within the category of 'third spaces', but the ones such as pubs, bars, cafes, special restaurants, brothel houses, illegal drug spots etc. are a special category that is generally regarded as 'not-so-desired' activities in a city but more functioning locations of the city. But this category of third spaces is not getting the attention of the urban planning activities. Accordingly this paper examines the influence of the third spaces (bars, pubs, and specific restaurants etc.) distribution pattern on the urban spatial structure of Colombo Municipal Council area. In further it describes how these third spaces impact to the urban spatial structure and explores the relationships between the Third spaces location patterns and the spatial structure element of the City of Colombo using Correlation analysis. Through the understanding derived from the analysis, this paper calls for the due attention of the planners and urban designers for planning and designing the city environments to identify the hidden third spaces. And also to identify the vital role of locations of this category of third spaces and the distribution pattern that makes the cities more active and vibrant.

This research work posits that there are family values that are cherished in each culture especially in Nigeria. Unfortunately, exposure to modernization and the influence of globalization are eroding many supposed cherished family values. Some teenagers on the pretense of accepting Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour are also guilty of some acts of disrespect and disobedience to their parents. Many teenagers deliberately turned down their parents instructions even when it has nothing to do with what the Bible prohibits. This research therefore investigates into what led to Pentecostalism, who are teenagers and how teenagers, parents, teachers at school and church with other guardians and older adults can help create an atmosphere where teenagers can be better behaved and at the same time be acceptable to God, their parents and others in the larger society.

Mobile Computing seems to be a current trend in the world where many of the human needs are served by a single touch on the screen on a mobile device. Such services, facilitate through variety of mobile apps, have become a great effect on increasing the usage of mobile devices among the people in the world [1]. This addiction of utilization of mobile devices is because of the interest which is created in human mind through the technologies [1] applied within such apps and the advanced hardware and software features and capabilities rely on those particular devices. By having such a technology with advanced capabilities, still we are in a delay of using them in Education enhancement of the people. In this effort our focus was to deliver an interactive virtual mobile learning environment for the students to facilitate distance learning by embedding existing features and functionalities in Learning Management Systems which are popular in many of the educational firms for keeping a blended learning mode in the education [2, 3].

The objective of this work is to study the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent obtained from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by observing the effects of various experimental parameters, such as dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, effect of temperature and pH. The data were fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. Thermodynamic parameters like change in free energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated. The experimental data were fitted into the pseudo first model. Results indicate that Andrographis paniculata is a promising adsorbent for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution.

The study was conducted in all municipalities in the Second District of Capiz during the Second Semester 2008 to: describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents.The questionnaire was used as data gathering instrument which was composed of the personal profile of the respondents. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentages and mean Chi-square test was used to test the association between the dependent and independent variables and the results were interpreted at 5% level of significance. Most of the women managers/executives were middle age, married, bachelor's degree holders, had a family size of 4-6 members, government employment as their main source and farming as their secondary source of income earning a monthly income from all sources of PhP30,000-39,999, were members of some organizations, had been in the government service for 12-25 years, occupying managerial positions with permanent status of appointment and attended many seminars/trainings.

In this research study we reported the results of a comparative analysis among men and women on the employee factors influencing the evaluation performance appraisal system using multiple regression analysis with reference to Agriculture Research Institutes employees in Hyderabad Metro, India. The primary data collected from the performance appraisal forms of 400 employees working in the agriculture research institutes in and around Hyderabad, India consisting of from 300 men and 100 women employees. The seven independent factors Job Knowledge, Skill Level, Job Execution, Initiative, Client Orientation, Team Work, Compliance to Policies and Practices, and one dependent factor, the outcome of the Performance Appraisal System (PAS) the Rating measured. The descriptive analysis, correlation techniques and parametric statistics like t-test and multiple regression analysis carried out to arrive at the conclusions. To measure the reliability of the scale used for this study, and internal consistencies of the instrument, the reliability statistics Cronbach's alpha (C-Alpha) was estimated. The overall C-Alpha value for men measured at 0.91 and 0.94 for women, and the C-Alpha values for all the factors ranged 0.84 to 0.85 for men and 0.79 to 0.90 for women. The overall Spearman Brown Split-half reliability measured at 0.88 and 0.86 for men and women respectively. The multiple regression analysis reveal 85% and 86% variance observed for women and men respectively in this model. We observed statistically significant differences among the factors influencing the outcome of Performance Appraisal Rating among men and women and there some common factors Job Skill, Job Execution and Team work having statistically significant influence the outcome of performance appraisal system outcome.

This study aimed to determine the level of extracurricular engagement of the 295 students of Fort San Pedro National High School, Iloilo City, Philippines during the school year 2012-2013 when the respondents are taken as a whole and when they are classified accordingly to sex, age, year level and parental support. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to gather data. Frequency count, percentage, mean andstandard deviation were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that students of Fort San Pedro National High School are " low " in extracurricular engagement in school. There is no significant difference in the level of extracurricular engagement of the students when they are classified according to sex, age, year level and parental support.

It has been evident through literature that previously M-Commerce is treated as the part of E-Commerce but with the passage of the time researcher's came o point that M-Commerce has its own unique features which can force customer to prefer M-Commerce over other type of virtual businesses. But there are some other risks which are associated with the use of M-Commerce therefore its use is not treated as the easy option for the customers. But in those location or countries where there is a scarce of resources and use of E-Commerce is not possible with ease customers are found to be more inclined towards M-Commerce and therefore the research work is required to check the level of significance of those points which are treated as point of difference for M-Commerce in the territories of Pakistan. Therefore this aim this research is conducted, and after applying tools from the Software known as Software packages for Social Sciences it has been found that the customers of one of the major city of Pakistan preferred M-Commerce over E-Commerce.

Distributed denials of service (DDOS) attack have strong impact on the cyber world. As far as cyber-attack is concerned that it halts the normal functioning of the organization by Internet protocol (IP) spoofing, bandwidth overflow, consuming memory resources and causes a huge loss. There has been a lot of related work which focused on analyzing the pattern of the DDOS attacks to protect users from them. A User datagram protocol (UDP) flood is a network flood and still one of the most crucial network floods today. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of preventing DDOS attack recognize by data mining techniques with the use of identifying DDOS attack patterns and analyze patterns by machine learning algorithms. There are some leading machine learning algorithms used to recognize the DDOS attack such as k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), Random Forest as well as Naïve Base. The paper also highlights open issues, research challenges and possible solutions in this area. The result shows the highest accuracy rate of preventing DDOS attack recognizing by data mining algorithms.

Known Fact that HIV/AIDS is incurable disease and welcoming of several other opportunistic infections like cancer, tuberculosis etc. And it attach with several physical, psychological, social and financial problems, which creates vulnerability of people with HIV/AIDS. This paper elucidates the psychosocial and mental health care need of people living with HIV/AIDS. The literature included for paper is strongly supporting to the need of integration between psychosocial and mental health care and HIV/AIDS care.

Objective: The major aim of this study is to assess the existence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVD) among secondary school students in Erbil City. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 high school students, 153 boys and 247 girls aged between 14-17 years old from 8 randomly selected governmental high schools. Questionnaire survey and laboratory tests were used to asses cardiovascular risk factors such as; smoking and first relative degree medical history. BMI and blood pressure measurements were also concerned. Results: generally the number of relevant risk factors (RF) of the CVD was discussed. The number of Students who having one RF were 124 (31%), 62 (15.5%) those with two RF and among 400 students 197 (49.25%) were without RF. The obesity 20 (7.9%) and high blood pressure48 (18.9%) is more common among females. Generally the percentages of lipid profile (Tc, TG ,LDL , HDL) and random blood sugar were higher among males 10 (6.8%) , 23 (9%), 21 (8.3%), 17 (11.6%), and 17 (11.6%) than female. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was among the related RF to CVD, RA among males higher 24 (16%) than females 22 (8.7 %). The family history RF among students generally was 90 (22.5). Conclusions: CVD risk factors are clearly predominant among students of secondary school in Erbil. This study suggests an urgent need to improve and raise awareness about student's knowledge on the sound of nutrition, and the relation of theses RF with diet and obesity. Health screening strategies require to control the burden related risk factors RA should also be considered as a high-risk condition for CVD, the researcher emphasizing the need for CVD risk management in person with RA, high glucose, high blood pressure and in those with smoker habits.

Background and objective Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic progressive disease, it is a major public health problem; it is estimated to affect 200 million women worldwide and causes more than 8.9 million fractures annually. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of women regarding risk factors and prevention of osteoporosis, to find out the women's practice for osteoporosis prevention and determine the association between their level of knowledge and practice with their Sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 220 women at different age group who lived in Erbil cit/ Iraq and attending to Hawler Teaching Hospital for seeking treatment for their complains. Data were collected through interview with them. Frequency, percentage, and chi squire test were used for analyzing and interpreting the data. Results: The majority of samples were between age group 20-34 years. They had fair to poor knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention methods for osteoporosis and mass media was the main source of information regarding that (85.4 %). Almost half of the study sample (42.7%) had poor practice for prevention from osteoporosis. There was statistically significantly association between age, marital status and educational level with the level of knowledge. Educational level of the study sample had significant association with preventive practice of women regarding osteoporosis. Conclusion: The Kurdish women have not enough and correct knowledge regarding osteoporosis and its prevention as well as have poor practice for its prevention. Further studies are needed to find out the barriers of preventive osteoporosis practice among Kurdish women.

Haematuria is a common finding in urine full reports. The source of haematuria can be anywhere along the urinary tract. The study was a cross sectional descriptive type study. It was carried out in the general surgical clinics at the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya.The study was based on a closed ended self-administered questionnaire. Altogether 425 participants comprised of 258 (60.7% of the total population) female participants and 167 (39.3% of the total population) male participants. They were between 18 years and 75 years of age. Mean age of the population was 47.75 years. The mean average knowledge score of the population is 45.11% (SD=21.10). However the participants had good attitudes regarding haematuria.The majority believes that blood in the urine can be the presentation of a serious medical condition and it is essential to further investigate blood passing with urine. This attitude is very important as it can reduce the patient delay in presenting to a doctor. Though the attitude regarding haematuria seems to be good, knowledge regarding haematuria is poor in our study population. Therefore it is important to take measures to improve the knowledge by health care professionals. As a conclusion, surgical clinic attendees of General hospital Peradeniya have a poor knowledge regarding haematuria, but found to have good attitude and practice regarding severity and treatment.

Background: There is a growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases worldwide. Addressing physical inactivity among other the risk factors becomes important in controlling these diseases. Medical students during the time of training and after completion of studies will also be involved in the modification of health lifestyles through patient education. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine final year medical students' physical activity practices, self-reported benefits and recommendations in promoting physical activity during their period of training. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done using self-administered questionnaires and some of the questions were adopted from the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale. Questionnaires were distributed to 109 final year medical studentswho were selected by stratified random sampling. Results: The mean age of the students was 23 years (SD=1.47) with most of the students being in the age category of 22-24 years (77.1%). The majority of the students (more than 50%), both females and males indicated that they participate in physical activities very often. The type of physical activities which the students participated in were athletics in 33 (61.1%) of the females and ball games in 30 (54.6%) of the males, making use of the campus facilities. Students indicated prevention of heart attacks (93.6%) and improvement in cardiorespiratory functioning (93.6%) as their greatest perceived benefit of taking part in physical activity.Lack of time (73.4%) was the main barrier to physical activity. Students mainly recommended for provision of gym facilities (26.3%) and physical education slot on timetable (22.9%). Conclusion: Students recommended for the provision of gym facilities and physical education slot on timetable in order to increase levels of physical activity during medical school training. With these in place, students will be at a better position to counsel patients with regards to physical activity.

knowledge society which are “open for all” and “open for
select” as a result, there are two knowledge access executives are
remain. Prensky (2001) urges they are as digital natives (DN)
and digital immigrants (DI). Digital natives are more familiar
with an advanced technology in contrast digital immigrants are
new to the technology. However, at the digital knowledge society
notwithstanding technology orient or not has to face competitive
advantage and anyhow engage with knowledge economy.
Therefore, knowledge is identified as currency so one of the key
responsibilities of the intellectuals becomes to evaluate critically
ways in which identify their roles to promote competitive
advantage and enhance knowledge competence. Therefore, it
believes that there are lots of opportunities are available to create
sufficient paths both digital natives and digital immigrants to
gain require skills if universally has measured their requirements
of access to knowledge instead of marginalizing. So, it is
important creating of more opportunities widely to access to
knowledge in universally with broader understanding and critical
analyzing of what knowledge assets need for the 21
st century and how to identify unique approaches to create positive
environments to promote skills on access to knowledge in higher
education. Therefore, to achieve intend outcomes to promote on
access to knowledge and identify universal responsibilities the
most important thing is that to critically evaluate prevailing
obstacles on access to knowledge in higher education.

The study examined that the linear relationship between Gross Domestic Product (í µí±Œ í µí±¡) and Money Supply (í µí±‹ í µí±¡) from 1981 to 2014 is spurious and could be avoided by dynamic regression modeling. The fact that spurious regression always results in misleading correlations between two time series was a big motivation for undertaking this study. Therefore, exploring data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, we found that the linear relationship between the dependent variable (í µí±Œ í µí±¡) and the independent variable (í µí±‹ í µí±¡) seemed spurious as the errors of the regression model were found to be autocorrelated. In a bid to correct this problem of spurious regression, we identified lags 0,-1 and-2 of í µí±‹ í µí±¡ as predictors of í µí±Œ í µí±¡ using cross correlation function. Hence, the dynamic regression of current lag and past lags 1, 2 of í µí±‹ í µí±¡ as predictors of í µí±Œ í µí±¡ revealed that the errors are uncorrelated and the coefficient of determination is as low as 0.2086, indicating that í µí±Œ í µí±¡ and í µí±‹ í µí±¡ are totally unrelated.

The persistent trend of drug abuse among adolescents has become a public health concern across various regions, countries, continents and the world at large. Empirically, it has been ascertained that substance abuse is widespread globally with an estimated 120 million users of hard drugs such as cocaine, heroin and a host of other synthetic drugs. In 2013, drug use disorders resulted in 127,000 deaths up from 53,000 in 1990. Despite the efforts of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) and other governmental agencies to stem the tide of substance abuse in Nigeria, there has been a consistent rapid rise in the number of cases of drug abuse among young people. In order to tackle the tenacious effects and the causes of prevalence, previous studies concentrated on different categories of people like drivers and artisans, while some focused more on both in and out-of-school adolescents; with little emphasis on factors determining drug abuse among in-school adolescents, particularly in Ido Local Government Area. This study, therefore, examined the social and psychological determinants of drug abuse among in-school adolescents in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The respondents were selected from four schools in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State. Purposive, disproportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting 75 students from each of the Schools; with a total of 300 students. Determinants of Drug Abuse (r=0.84) and Drug Abuse (r=0.76) scales were used for data collection. Four hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level. Data were analysed using percentages and frequency counts as well as inferential statistics of linear regression. The sampled respondents were 157 males and 143 females. There was a significant contribution of each of the social and psychological factors to drug abuse. Parenting style (β=0.41), peer influence (β=0.29), accessibility to drugs (β=0.17) and relief from anxiety (0.21) independently and significantly determined drug abuse. It was therefore concluded that, parenting style, peer influence, accessibility to drugs and relief from anxiety are social and psychological factors causing drug abuse among in-school adolescents in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Parents, school managements and other relevant authorities should enlighten the students regularly about effects of drug abuse on healthful living.

This study sought to establishthe role of applying strategic inventory management systems on performance of petroleum marketing firms in Nairobi. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of applying strategic chip based fuel management system on performance of petroleum marketing firms in Nairobi, to investigate the effect of applying strategic economic order quantity (EOQ) model on performance of petroleum marketing firms and to examine the effect of applying strategic Always Better Control (ABC) analysis on performance of petroleum marketing firms. The research design was descriptive in nature and the population consisted of management and supervisory staff from different departments of the petroleum marketing firms within Nairobi County. Stratified random sampling technique was used to determine the sample elements. Primary data was solicited from the population through questionnaires, which was administered via hand delivery to the respondents. Secondary data was obtained by use of session papers and publication work. The raw data was subjected to thorough analysis, tabulation and presentation. The study established that applying strategic chip based fuel management system eliminates human error, assuring timely, accurate and detailed information capture for each vehicle and each fuelling session and that strategic strategic chip based fuel management system accurately monitor fuel being dispensed and reduce the opportunity for fraud and pilferage. Through strategic EOQ, the petroleum marketing firms enjoyed reduced carrying costs, and that the petroleum marketing firm can experience smooth fuel restocking process which results in better customer service as inventory is available when needed. Strategic ABC analysis, allows the petroleum marketing firm to use its resources to prioritize control of high-priority inventory over inventory that has a lower impact on its bottom line. The research therefore concludes that applying strategic (EOQ) model, strategic (ABC) analysis system and applying strategic CBFMS promoted the performance of petroleum marketing firms. The study recommends that petroleum marketing firms should increase the number of services possible through strategic chip based fuel management system. Also, more investment should go into strategic ABC analysis inventory management systems since they drive profitability. Finally, petroleum marketing firms should seek to integrate all strategic inventory management systems to one platform so that information sharing and duplication of system functions can be reduced.

Almost all the Indian cities have a core area. The core areas are often high density, congested areas with very less open spaces. They have high concentration of population and are also linked with the strong heritage of the cities. These core areas are in the process of decay due to numerous reasons and this decay is now posing a threat to the heritage value of the cities. Of many reason for this decay is the fast changing lifestyle of the inhabitants of the place, changes in the economy of the people living in core areas, the neglect by the local developmental authorities and the lack of connection with the new developed areas of the cities. Often the core areas are bound by within the heritage zone and is separated from the new developed areas of the cities. The congested roads connecting the core areas make them in accessible for the people of the city.There is a strong need to connect the heritage core areas with the main city to save the rich heritage of such places for the future generations. The research paper tries to find a solution in mass transit rapid system in renewal and conservation of core areas.

The quality and quantity of human resources available in the organization is very important. Thus, the human resources through which the various business activities are done. Hence it is considered vital to the organization's strategy. Human resources planning is a matter of strategic dimension for all organizations, with direct relationship with its strategic plans, because it is built in the light of the requirements of the needs of its implementation. Hence, through which future needs of Organization of the human resources necessary to implement its strategic plan are assessed and determined, so as to ensure its operational continuity and achieving the desired goals, and human resources planning seeks to achieve a balance between the need for the strategic plan of the organization and its future overall performance regarding the human resources of different kinds, and what is available from these resources in the future, through comparison between the work size required in the Organization's strategic plan, and the labor force which represents the potential of human resources available in the future, if what is available is not enough for the amount of work required, this means that there is expected shortages in the labor force, and must be determined and then supplied. However, if the availability of these resources are greater than the amount of work required, this means an excess of resources in the future must be got rid of, because it represents the cost of the work that impact the organization's profits negatively in order to achieve a balance between the size of the future work of the organization established by the strategic plan with the labor force, which represents the potential of their human resources. Thus, human resources planning is constant and sustained as long as the organization is existent and running in a diverse and unstable environmental variables, which makes the need for the Organization of human resources variable between now and then, as long as there are cases of constant employment and dismissing in the organization, there will be work rotation rate because of these cases, because the external and internal environmental variables surrounding it does not enable it to control it especially for external variables. whereas the human resource planning is responsible for estimating and identifying the needs of organizations business of human resources. thus it is a work in progress accompanies the implementation of organization's strategies as long as they are existent and operating under an environmental permanent change. Moreover, human resources planning is a link between the organization's strategy and management of these resources, so that in the light of the data and the requirements of the strategic plan of the organization and trying to achieve its goals in the future, the human resources planning shall forecast and then estimate and identify the needs of the Strategic Plan of human resources, on which human resources management initiate establishing its work strategy so as to serve and contribute to the implementation of the organization's strategy. In the light of the needs of the organization of human resources in terms of their numbers and quality, human resources management shall draw their policies and programs of activities and practices in the areas of recruitment, selection, appointment and training and development ... etc., and determine the scope of the exercise of these policies and programs within the organization. Hence, the results of human resources planning are shaping the general framework of the strategy for the management of these resources, which will work within it, to be integrated and consistent with the implementation requirements of the Organization's strategy of human skills and competencies efficient and eligible for work with a high level of productivity and efficiency.

Cross-border tourism is a significant element of any country's tourism industry. This is especially in the developing countries where tourism is a valued source of hard international foreign currency. Throughout the world, domestic tourism is bigger than international tourism. Trans-border tourist traffic in East Africa draws from the regional and international markets. Whereas the majority of regional travelers may not necessarily generate the much desired hard international currencies, their large numbers make them an integral part of local economic activities. An understanding of trans-border traffic flow within the East African Community is necessary for explaining trans-border tourism. The main objective of this study is to analyze trans-border tourist traffic at Gatuna border town. The study adopted a descriptive research design which involved use of both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Self administered structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Convenient sampling which is a non-probability sampling technique was used to recruit a sample size of 44 tour operators. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) based on cross tabulation analysis. It was found that; dissimilar travel requirements hamper trans-border tourist traffic, multilateral travel agreements ease trans-border travel, volatile exchange rates reduce trans-border tourist traffic, and uncertain exchange rates hinder sustainable trans-border tourist traffic. Moreover, trans-border tourist traffic is depressed by lack of inter-modality and poor interconnectivity at Gatuna border. However, interoperability of tour operators could promote trans-border tourist traffic. Therefore, travel requirements and exchange rates influence trans-border tourist traffic at Gatuna border. In addition, there is a relationship between exchange rates and trans-border tourist traffic. It was recommended that; travel requirements within the East African Community (EAC) should be standardised, multilateral travel agreements should be made, establishment of a common currency and exchange rates, and also research should be conducted on possibility of having various modes of transport at Gatuna border. Moreover, tour operators should be allowed to operate freely within EAC, while transport infrastructure and cross-border services should be increased in number, capacity and quality.

Cloud computing implies the concept of accessing information over the internet as a unit of storage, which enhances the accessibility of a variety of services provided. Emergence of wireless and remote distribution of services all over the world using the technical innovations plays a key role in the global Information Technology (IT) boost, unfolding a new era of communication technology, where cloud computing provides a unique media of controlling and designing enhanced improvements in Security issues. The security of the cloud storages plays an exceptional role in respect of providing reliable services through the cloud. In the aspects of the security; the management of data and its control, the confidentiality over the information which are stored, the privacy of the users and their authentications focus on specific and parallel concentration with respect to each other. Moreover, with the enhancement of the technology over past decades, the security concerns acquire special attention by the users and clients over the internet. Depending on that, the Application Program Interface (API) security and the Service traffic hijacking have become major concerns over the access of cloud computing. Attending on to the overall purpose of this study is to address the improvement of security features over providing a specialized, reliable and a unique service with respect to the security measures. The research problem focusing on the arena of furnishing the improvements required in the research and the development of the required security enhancements concentrating on API security and the Service traffic hijacking through the Cloud computing services. This research paper analyzes on the references over the above addressed issues where the quality of the cloud services depends on. The research study examines on the major findings of the research, utilizing a specific methodology in emphasizing and drawing the necessary attention of the specified research problem, interviewing the exact procedure for the research requirements.

The demand of air conditioning is increasing due to the effect of climate change and global warming. If we still rely on the conventional electric air conditioning but electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas emission would continuously worsen global warming; in turn the demand of air conditioning would be further increasing. In subtropical cities, air conditioning is a standard provision for buildings. However, air conditioning would commonly take up half of building electricity consumption. In the present work a portable air conditioning system is fabricated taking into account an indoor room.

Industrial applications of glass and ceramic materials have increased manifold due to their relatively low friction, high compression strength, high temperature and wear resistance, and excellent chemical inertness, etc. In micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) the use of glass, along with silicon and polymer, has become very popular. However, micro-fabrication of glass is a difficult process. The electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is now often used as one of the chip less machining solutions for these materials. The ECDM, however, is a complex process with multiple controllable parameters and exhibits stochastic nature. The mechanism of material removal in the process is yet to be understood well in spite of many theories. In this thesis, an attempt has been made to model and simulate material removal while machining through Electro chemical discharge machining (ECDM) and correlated the findings with the already obtained experimental values. The computed results from the model show good agreement with the trial results. .

In this paper we are proposing an improved privacy preserving and authentication based data transmission over network with ECDSA and QR vector model. QR Vector model generate quotient and reminder vectors for the sender data and digital signatures applies over vectors and signature verified at the receiver end and vectors can be converted to plain text with delta key value. Our proposed approach is more secure than the traditional approaches

The foreign brands such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean are currently leading the market of coffee shop chains in Indonesia. For the local brands, the strength of the aura of a brand is not yet considered as a very important factor in affecting the trust and loyalty of their customers. There has been little research on the role of brand aura against customer trust and loyalty. The purpose of this research is to analyze whether gap aura between the companies and their customers affects customer trust and loyalty. Three brands of Indonesian largest coffee shop chains will be examined so as to provide meaningful results. This research took 74 respondents drawn from each store of Coffee Toffee, Excelso, and My Kopi O in 4 cities. This research was analyzed by using Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results of this research show that the aura gap do not significantly affect customer loyalty but has a significant effect against customer trust. Meanwhile, customer trust has a significant influence towards customer loyalty.

The morphometric analysis of the drainage basin and stream network deals with the measurement and geometrical analysis of the different aspects of a drainage basin. In the present study, morphometric analysis has been carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to evaluate the different morphometric characteristics by considering three parameters: linear, areal and relief aspects. The basin is characterized by dendritic drainage pattern. The bifurcation ratio (Rb) between different successive orders varies revealing the geo structural control. The shape parameters (Rf = 0.37, Rc = 0.31, Fr = 0.18, Re = 0.52 and Wb = 11.88) indicate the elongated shape of the basin in association with areal (D = 0.99 km 2 , Dt = 1.66 km 2 etc.) and relief (H, S b etc.) parameters express that the basin has low discharge of runoff with permeable basement rock condition, high infiltration capacity and good groundwater storage and a flatter peak of flow of longer duration.

The general objective of this study is to investigate the influence of strategic management practices on the organizational performance of County Government of Mombasa. Specifically to examine the level of influences on the formulation of strategic management practices, to analyze the degree to which organizational environment affects the strategic management practices, to establish the extent to which strategic management plan implementation influences organizational performance and finally, to determine the effects of monitoring, evaluation, accounting and learning of the management plan practices have in the organizational performance in the County Government of Mombasa. The research is anticipated to be of importance to a number of both internal and external users who include the management of Mombasa County Government, other County Governments, and National Government It will contribute towards the current body of knowledge in strategic management especially for professionals, academicians and researchers. The Literature review was carried out by examining the agency theory and resource based theory; and through conceptual framework, where the independent variables were examined. The research gaps were then examined and finally a desk method of research design was adopted and it was recommended that a field research be conducted to determine the level of the influences of formulation of management plan practices on the organizational performance, to analyze the degree to which the organizational environment influences organizational performance, to establish the extent to which implementation of strategic management plan practices influences organizational performance and finally, to carry out field research to determine the influences of Monitoring, Evaluation ,Accounting and Learning of the strategic management practices on the organizational performance of the County Government of Mombasa.

A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, during the period from November 2011 to April 2012 to study the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cowdung on growth, yield and proximate composition of brinjal (BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8). Experiment was comprised of 5 treatments with three replications. The highest plant height (80.11cm, 75.56 cm), branch per plant (16.47, 18.80), the lowest days to first flowering (70.47 days, 70.20 days), the highest number of fruit per plant (7.4, 20.47), weight of individual fruit (262.3 g, 70.99 g), yield per plant (1.938 kg, 1.452 kg) and yield per ha (41.03 tons, 30.73 tons) were recorded in T 3 treatment for BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8 respectively. In BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest dry matter (7.59 %, 8.60 %), carbohydrate (3.46%, 4.07 %) and lipid (0.367 %, 0.425 %) were recorded in T 1 whereas the highest crude fiber (2.15%, 2.34 %) and protein (1.323 %, 1.42 %) were obtained in T 3 treatment and the highest ash content (0.337 %, 0.41 %) were found in T 2 treatment. On dry weight basis, in BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest amount of Zn (1.879 mg %, 1.903 mg %) and Na (36.50 mg 536.69 mg %) was recorded in T 1 treatment whereas the highest P (272.6 mg %, 277.3 mg %), Ca (239.7 mg %, 235.4 mg %) and Fe (3.21 mg % 3.021 mg %) were found in T 2 and the highest K (282.4 mg) and Mg (186.4 mg %, 186.9 mg %) were obtained in T 3 treatment. The highest K (282.4 mg) in BARI Begun-6 was obtained in T 3 treatment and in BARI Begun-8, the highest amount K (288.3 mg %) was obtained in T 2 .