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This is the first demonstration of active water vapor uptake by the adult female honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans). Water vapor gain permits these ‘leaky’ mites to counter water loss and survive between meals. Their... more
This is the first demonstration of active water vapor uptake by the adult female honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans). Water vapor gain permits these ‘leaky’ mites to counter water loss and survive between meals. Their poor water-retention ability (fast net water loss rate) reveals a critical requirement for moisture. This is reflected by the stable, humid microhabitat of
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Tick salivary glands are the principal organs through which pathogens are transmitted to the vertebrate host. Salivary glands of the argasid nymph, O. moubata, consists of grape-like clusters of two morphologically distinct types of... more
Tick salivary glands are the principal organs through which pathogens are transmitted to the vertebrate host. Salivary glands of the argasid nymph, O. moubata, consists of grape-like clusters of two morphologically distinct types of acini; agranular or Type I and granular or Type II. Type I acini have an unknown function but in ixodids they produce a hydroscopic fluid used by the tick to take up moisture from the atmosphere. Type II acini secrete a fluid that contains an anticoagulant and pharmacologically active substances. The purpose of this study is to describe the ultrastructure of both types of acini using the nomenclature developed for ixodid salivary glands by Needham and Coons and Fawcett, et al.
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The association between house dust mites (HDMs) and atopic dermatitis (AD) has long been a contested issue in both dermatology and allergy/immunology. As AD continues to burden millions of individuals and even whole societies, the... more
The association between house dust mites (HDMs) and atopic dermatitis (AD) has long been a contested issue in both dermatology and allergy/immunology. As AD continues to burden millions of individuals and even whole societies, the commercial availability of a HDM allergen mix for epicutaneous testing has revived efforts to identify a definitive link between HDMs and AD. Conclusive evidence of a role for HDMs in the pathogenesis of AD would justify patch testing with mite allergens and would further the use of allergen-specific immunotherapy in the management of such patients; an absence of involvement would refocus our investigative efforts on other conspirators. We present a thorough review of the dissenting scientific evidence and expert opinions on this controversial topic. The association of HDMs with AD has remained elusive, and additional investigation is necessary to resolve this vexing riddle.
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Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm and in associated membranes of salivary gland acinus cells by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining. Viral ribonucleoproteins (indicated histochemically by presence of... more
Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm and in associated membranes of salivary gland acinus cells by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining. Viral ribonucleoproteins (indicated histochemically by presence of pyroninophilic granules) which had accumulated in the cytoplasm of salivary gland type B (granular) acini of unfed Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal & Kohls were no longer visible 24 h after feeding. Virus in tick salivary glands increased from 300 to 500 plaque-forming units during the brief feeding interval (approximately 1 h), but virus was not detectable by 72 h. Overall salivary gland, ovarian, and synganglion tissue levels of Quaranfil virus decreased in the 96 h after feeding, except for synganglion samples in which virus titers increased during 24 h after feeding. Starvation for 105 d resulted in a sevenfold increase in salivary gland viral content compared with those starved 45 d, whereas synganglion tissue titers for Quaranfil virus became undetectable, and ovarian tissue values were similar to those starved for 45 d. Feeding had a greater effect on viral persistence in tissues for ticks starved 60 additional d (comparing 45 with 105 d) in that no Quaranfil virus was detected in any tissue after 48 h (compared with 72 h). Feeding infected ticks (with short extrinsic incubation) on chicks resulted in a peak of host mortality on days 7 and 8, whereas long extrinsic incubation resulted in sporadic mortality over 20 d of monitoring.
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Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a zoonotic emerging tick-borne disease with clinical signs that range from mild symptoms to multiple organ failure and death. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the aetiologic agent of HME, is reported to infect... more
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a zoonotic emerging tick-borne disease with clinical signs that range from mild symptoms to multiple organ failure and death. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the aetiologic agent of HME, is reported to infect a divergent range of mammals. Although cattle are common hosts of the primary vector of this pathogen, the susceptibility of this host to E. chaffeensis has not been reported to date. This study was undertaken to determine if cattle could provide a useful infection model of E. chaffeensis. Dairy calves were injected with DH82 cells infected with the Arkansas, St Vincent or 91HE17 strain of E. chaffeensis, and monitored for signs of clinical ehrlichiosis and for infection of peripheral blood and ticks by PCR assay. Splenectomized and spleen-intact calves were injected with cryopreserved stabilates of E. chaffeensis-infected DH82 cells for the first experiment. Mild clinical signs were occasionally observed among these calves, and only two blood sampl...
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... Emmett V. Glass 1, Jay A. Yoder 2 and Glen R. Needham 1 1. Acarology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State ... Mite excretory products, namely guanine, its analogs and ammonium salts are also known for their... more
... Emmett V. Glass 1, Jay A. Yoder 2 and Glen R. Needham 1 1. Acarology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State ... Mite excretory products, namely guanine, its analogs and ammonium salts are also known for their attractiveness (Levinson et al., 1991; Arlian and ...
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Five methods commonly advocated for tick removal from a human or domestic animal were evaluated. The application of petroleum jelly, fingernail polish, 70% isopropyl alcohol, or a hot kitchen match failed to induce detachment of adult... more
Five methods commonly advocated for tick removal from a human or domestic animal were evaluated. The application of petroleum jelly, fingernail polish, 70% isopropyl alcohol, or a hot kitchen match failed to induce detachment of adult American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis Say) attached for either 12 to 15 hours or three to four days. Use of forceps or protected fingers enabled satisfactory removal of 29 adult American dog ticks without leaving the mouthparts or attachment cement in the host skin. Four different methods were used to pull lone star ticks [Amblyomma americanum (L)] off the host using forceps (twisting, pulling steadily or jerking straight up, or pulling parallel with the skin). None of the mouthparts broke off, but, contrary to the American dog tick, the cement remained in the skin for all 22 of the Lone Star ticks. It is recommended that the tick be grasped as close to the skin as possible with curved forceps; if these are not available, use tweezers or protected...
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In North America, human granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteriumAnaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichiaceae),which is primarily transmitted by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (Dahlgren et al. 2011).... more
In North America, human granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacteriumAnaplasma phagocytophilum (Ehrlichiaceae),which is primarily transmitted by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) (Dahlgren et al. 2011). The native range of I. scapularis has been expanding in recent years, with significant populations recently detected in Midwestern U.S. states such as Ohio (Wang et al. 2014). Ixodes scapularis is a vector of several pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetaceae), Borrelia miyamotoi, A. phagocytophilum, Babesia microti (Babesiidae), and deer tick virus (DTV) (Flavivirus) (a close relative to Powassan virus) that causes encephalitis (Soneshine et al. 2002). As the range of I. scapularis expands through Ohio, there has been an effort to document the prevalence of B. burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease (Wang et al. 2014). Lyme disease is the most commonly diagnosed vector-borne disease in the eastern United States (Rossi et al. 2015) und...
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The hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (Acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and parasites. The biology and damage of the three main pest species Acarapis woodi, Varroa... more
The hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (Acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and parasites. The biology and damage of the three main pest species Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni, and Tropilaelaps clareae is reviewed, along with detection and control methods. The hypothesis that Acarapis woodi is a recently evolved species is rejected. Mite-associated bee pathologies (mostly viral) also cause increasing losses to apiaries. Future studies on bee mites are beset by three main problems: (a) The recent discovery of several new honey bee species and new bee-parasitizing mite species (along with the probability that several species are masquerading under the name Varroa jacobsoni) may bring about new bee-mite associations and increase damage to beekeeping; (b) methods for studying bee pathologies caused by viruses are still largely lacking; (c) few beeand consumer-friendly methods for controlling bee mites in large apiaries are...
The hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (Acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and parasites. The biology and damage of the three main pest species Acarapis woodi, Varroa... more
The hive of the honey bee is a suitable habitat for diverse mites (Acari), including nonparasitic, omnivorous, and pollen-feeding species, and parasites. The biology and damage of the three main pest species Acarapis woodi, Varroa jacobsoni, and Tropilaelaps clareae is reviewed, along with detection and control methods. The hypothesis that Acarapis woodi is a recently evolved species is rejected. Mite-associated bee pathologies (mostly viral) also cause increasing losses to apiaries. Future studies on bee mites are beset by three main problems: (a) The recent discovery of several new honey bee species and new bee-parasitizing mite species (along with the probability that several species are masquerading under the name Varroa jacobsoni) may bring about new bee-mite associations and increase damage to beekeeping; (b) methods for studying bee pathologies caused by viruses are still largely lacking; (c) few beeand consumer-friendly methods for controlling bee mites in large apiaries are...
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Research Interests: Biology, Medicine, Aedes aegypti, Antibodies, Humans, and 15 moreFemale, Animals, Male, Arkansas, Adult, Biological markers, Calcium Binding Proteins, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Confidence Interval, Alaska, Immunoblotting, calreticulin, Antibody Response, High risk, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Ticks actively absorb water vapor from unsaturated air via their mouthparts. A wax technique was used to cover select areas of the mouthparts of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), to examine whether a specific site is involved... more
Ticks actively absorb water vapor from unsaturated air via their mouthparts. A wax technique was used to cover select areas of the mouthparts of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), to examine whether a specific site is involved in uptake. Covering dorsal, ventral, and distal regions failed to inhibit uptake, whereas wax applied to the proximal region, specifically the hypostome-cheliceral junction, blocked water absorption. A novel occurrence of a palp-splaying behavior was observed during hydrating conditions (93% RH), while ticks were motionless, compared with those held at desiccating conditions (63% RH), which were more active and the palps were not splayed.
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... of the 8 min, while the remaining 3min were used for measuring the secreted 63 64 JOHN R. SAUER, PATRICIA M. MINCOLLA AND GLEN R. NEEDHAM ... tissue ECF has been observed in a variety of tissue types during periods of fluid trans-port... more
... of the 8 min, while the remaining 3min were used for measuring the secreted 63 64 JOHN R. SAUER, PATRICIA M. MINCOLLA AND GLEN R. NEEDHAM ... tissue ECF has been observed in a variety of tissue types during periods of fluid trans-port (Berridge & Gupta, 1967; Kaye ...
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One of the most unusual places calreticulin has been found is the saliva of ticks.1 Most calreticulins are located intracellularly. Our work objective was to characterize and clone salivary secretions that induce host immunity to tick... more
One of the most unusual places calreticulin has been found is the saliva of ticks.1 Most calreticulins are located intracellularly. Our work objective was to characterize and clone salivary secretions that induce host immunity to tick feeding.2,3 Host immune response to tick feeding was demonstrated in domesticated animals as early as 1918.4 Trager5 experimentally documented host resistance to tick feeding. Using host immune sera in Western blots, we began to characterize antigens expressed and secreted during the first six days of feeding. Through our tick salivary gland cDNA library and these host immune sera, we discovered that a major gland secretion is calreticulin.1
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Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, is caused by a tick-borne infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Currently, Ohio is considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to be... more
Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, is caused by a tick-borne infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Currently, Ohio is considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to be non-endemic for Lyme disease. The low incidence of Lyme disease in this state was largely attributed to the absence of the transmitting vector, Ixodes scapularis, commonly known as the blacklegged tick. However, a tick surveillance program established by Ohio Department of Health indicated that the number of I. scapularis in Ohio had increased sharply in recent years, from 0 - 5 ticks per year during 1983-2008 to 15 in 2009, 40 in 2010, and 184 in 2011. During the fall deer hunting season, examination of deer heads submitted to Ohio Department of Agriculture found 29 I. scapularis from 7 counties in 2010 and 1,830 from 25 counties in 2011. As of 2012, the tick had been found in 57 of the 88 counties of Ohio. In addition, all three active stages (larva, nymph,...
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Research Interests: Microbiology, Veterinary, Veterinary Parasitology, Dogs, Female, and 15 moreAnimals, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fisheries Sciences, Body Temperature, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Ehrlichia Canis, Ehrlichiosis, Veterinary Sciences, Ixodidae, Clinical Signs, Hematocrit, Platelet Count, Arthropod vectors, and leukocyte Count
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We investigated male clustering behaviour in large bulk cultures of the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. Aggregation in the colony was restricted to males only. The water loss rates for individual males in isolation and... more
We investigated male clustering behaviour in large bulk cultures of the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae. Aggregation in the colony was restricted to males only. The water loss rates for individual males in isolation and as a group of six were determined. Males in a group of six retained water nearly twice as effectively (they had lower rates of net water loss) than individuals. Clustering is thus an adaptive behaviour to help reduce water loss. Because the clustering response was observed exclusively by males, this behaviour may serve an additional purpose that involves a pheromone system.
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... CHARLES S . BURKS, RICHARD L. STEWART, Jr,* GLEN R. NEEDHAM" and RICHARD E. LEE, Jr Depdrtnient 01 Zoology. ... Barnard, DR, Momson, RD & Popham, TW (1985) Light and temperature sensitivity of feeding-related and reproductive... more
... CHARLES S . BURKS, RICHARD L. STEWART, Jr,* GLEN R. NEEDHAM" and RICHARD E. LEE, Jr Depdrtnient 01 Zoology. ... Barnard, DR, Momson, RD & Popham, TW (1985) Light and temperature sensitivity of feeding-related and reproductive processes in Amblyomma ...
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Catecholamine-stimulated salivary fluid secretion (in vitro) by ixodid ticks is reduced by deletion or lowering the concentration of exogenous bathing medium Ca++. The Ca++ antagonist, verapamil, reversibly inhibits dopamine-stimulated... more
Catecholamine-stimulated salivary fluid secretion (in vitro) by ixodid ticks is reduced by deletion or lowering the concentration of exogenous bathing medium Ca++. The Ca++ antagonist, verapamil, reversibly inhibits dopamine-stimulated secretion. Ionophore A-23187 is unable to induce glands to secrete. Studies in which labeled and unlabeled Ca++ flux were measured indicate that catecholamines induce release of calcium from intracellular stores during secretion. Cyclic AMP/theophylline-stimulated secretion is inhibited by verapamil, and the exclusion of calcium from the support medium. It is concluded that the primary catecholamine stimulus induces cyclic AMP formation and mobilization of Ca++ (intra- and extracellular). Cyclic AMP and calcium are thought to interact to control secretion within the fluid transporting cells of types II and III alveoli.