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Meritxell Blasco surveys a number of magic recipes and magical folk beliefs that appear in the manuscript of a fourteenth-century medical book that was written in a number of languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Judeo-Catalan, and Judeo-Arabic.... more
Meritxell Blasco surveys a number of magic recipes and magical folk beliefs that appear in the manuscript of a fourteenth-century medical book that was written in a number of languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, Judeo-Catalan, and Judeo-Arabic. These recipes are very similar, and at times even identical, to those that are found in other medical books from the period, such as Sefer Ahavat Našim and Sefer haNisyonot. This demonstrates a strong tradition of practices and folk beliefs in medieval Jewish medicine. These recipes deal, inter alia, with gynecological problems, male sexual dysfunction, diseases of the legs, and urinary diseases. The manuscript also contains the use of amulets, specification of the healing properties of colors, animal, plants, and semiprecious stones. All of these are interwoven with healing incantations and texts drawn from Hebrew prayer books and Kabbalistic literature. The manuscript is located in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. The author of the article transcribed and translated a number of these recipes into Spanish.



מריצ'ל בלאסקו סוקרת מבחר של מרשמים מגיים ואמונות עממיות מגיות המופיעים בכתב-יד של ספר רפואה מן המאה ה-14 שנכתב בכמה שפות: עברית, ארמית, קטלנית-יהודית וערבית. מרשמים אלו דומים מאוד ולעיתים אף זהים לאלו המופיעים בספרי רפואות אחרים מאותה תקופה, כמו ספר "אהבת נשים" ו"ספר הניסיונות". זוהי עדות למסורת חזקה של פרקטיקות ואמונות עממיות הקשורים ברפואה היהודית בימי הביניים.  בין השאר עוסקים מרשמים אלו בבעיות גניקולוגיות, בחוסר תפקוד מיני של גברים, מחלות רגליים ומחלות שתן. בכתב-היד נמצאים גם קמיעות, פירוט סגולות מרפאות של צבעים, חיות, צמחים ואבנים יקרות. כל אלה מעורבים עם לחשי ריפוי וטקסטים השאובים מספרי תפילות בעברית ומספרות הקבלה. כתב-היד נמצא בספריה הלאומית בסנט פטרסבורג. מחברת המאמר תעתקה ותרגמה לספרדית כמה ממרשמים אלו.

Meritxell Blasco Orellana, "Magia médica o medicina mágica en los manuscritos hebreos medievales", El Prezente, 5 (2011), pp. 35-54.

מריצ'ל בלאקסו, "מגיה רפואית ורפואה מגית בכתבי יד עבריים מימי הביניים", איל פריזינטי, 5 (2011), עמ' 54-35.
Tamar Alexander and Eliezer Papo introduce in their article a survey of research into Sephardic magic. This review article focuses solely on the field of Sephardic culture, completing the review article by Dr. Harari that deals with the... more
Tamar Alexander and Eliezer Papo introduce  in their article a survey of research into Sephardic magic. This review article focuses solely on the field of Sephardic culture, completing the review article by Dr. Harari that deals with the study of magic in Jewish Culture in general (in this issue). The survey opens with a discussion of the studies that treat the canonic Hebrew sources, such as midrashim, the Talmud, and Kabbalistic literature which deal with phenomena such as dream interpretation, sorcery, demons and dybbuks. This is a rather broad group of studies. Far fewer research studies compare Sephardic magic to the magic of Iberia, the geographic country of origin of the group members. This statement is correct also about research comparing Sephardic magic to that of the ambient cultures, that is, within the countries where the expellees from Spain lived after the Expulsion. In contrast, many studies focus on the magic of a particular Sephardic community or on a comparison of a number of communities. Discussed here are topics such as healing incantations, magical medicine, charms, amulets, and magical ceremonies such as indulco (sweetening) and seradura (enclosure). The survey concludes with reference to magic in ethnographic literature and memoirs written by community members. Much material about magic can be extracted from this literature. The studies are cited in chronological order. Emphasis is placed on major magical phenomena and on the different research methods. The writers reach the conclusion that although in recent years treatment of Jewish magic has enjoyed significant impetus, research into Sephardic magic is still in its early stages.

מאמרם של תמר אלכסנדר וד"ר אליעזר פאפו מהווה סקירה של חקר המגיה היהודית-ספרדית. סקירה זו, אשר מתמקדת רק בתחום התרבות היהודית-ספרדית, משלימה את הסקירה של ד"ר יובל הררי, המופיעה בחוברת זו, שעוסקת בחקר המגיה בכלל. הסקירה נפתחת בדיון במחקרים המתייחסים למקורות עבריים קנוניים כמו מדרשים, תלמודים וספרות הקבלה  העוסקים בתופעות כמו: פתרון חלומות, כישוף, שדים ודיבוקים. זוהי קבוצה רחבה למדי של מחקרים. הרבה פחות מחקרים משווים בין מגיה יהודית ספרדית למגיה ספרדית איברית, ארץ המוצא הגיאוגראפי של בני הקבוצה. קביעה זו נכונה גם לגבי מחקר משווה בין מגיה יהודית ספרדית למגיה  בתרבויות הסביבה  כלומר  בארצות בהן התגוררו יוצאי ספרד לאחר הגירוש.  לעומת זאת מחקרים רבים מתמקדים במגיה  של קהילה יהודית ספרדית אחת או משווים בין כמה קהילות. כאן נדונים נושאים כמו לחשי ריפוי ,רפואה מגית, סגולות, קמעות וטקסים מגיים כמו ה"אינדולקו" (המתקה)  וה"סרדורה" (כליאה). הסקירה מסתיימת בהתייחסות למגיה בספרות אתנוגראפית ובזיכרונות שנכתבו על ידי בני הקהילה. מספרות זו ניתן לדלות חומרים רבים על מגיה. המחקרים מובאים בסדר כרונולוגי. מושם דגש על תופעות מגיות מרכזיות ועל שיטות מחקר שונות. הכותבים מגיעים  לידי מסקנה כי  אם העיסוק במגיה יהודית  זכה  לתנופה משמעותית בשנים האחרונות , המחקר במגיה יהודית ספרדית עדיין נמצא בחיתוליו.

Tamar Alexander, Eliezer Papo, "El enkanto de la majia ‒ Research into Sephardic Magic: History, Trends and Topics", El Prezente, 5 (2011), pp. 9-31.

תמר אלכסנדר, אליעזר פאפו, "קסם המגיה – מחקרים במגיה יהודית-ספרדית: תולדות, מגמות ותחומים", איל פריזינטי, 5 (2011), עמ' 31-9.
Shoshana Weich-Shahak concentrates on the functions of the woman a preserver, bearer, and transmitter of the musical repertoire through her participation in community life cycle ceremonies, and particularly in events in which only women... more
Shoshana Weich-Shahak concentrates on the functions of the woman a preserver, bearer, and transmitter of the musical repertoire through her participation in community life cycle ceremonies, and particularly in events in which only women participate, such as the pre-wedding immersion of a bride in the mikveh (ritualarium). Women are very important in the musical performance of the wedding songs repertoire. Usually, the figure of a woman is central to the plot of the romances and she is the motivating factor of the plot, most often within the context of a man for whom or because of whom she acts, whether it be as a heroine or a victim, as a rebellious, faithful, or adulterous woman. The article is based on extensive field work carried out by the author.
Judith R. Cohen’s article reviews the musical life of women in the Conversos communities of Belmonte and Tras-os-Montes, Portugal, on the basis of comprehensive field work performed by the author in these locations. The author concludes... more
Judith R. Cohen’s article reviews the musical life of women in the Conversos communities of Belmonte and Tras-os-Montes, Portugal, on the basis of comprehensive field work performed by the author in these locations. The author concludes that these communities did not use special or different tunes from their Christian neighbors. They did not really sing the prayers, but recited them with soft murmuring. One may assume that this strategy helped the community members continue to preserve their Judaism in secret: the melodies of the surrounding community are not dangerous, and murmuring is not really heard.
Ivana Vučina Simović's article deals with the role of the Sephardi woman in preserving/transforming Judeo-Spanish in the former Yugoslavia. The paper analyzes the link between the woman’s social status and her choice of spoken language,... more
Ivana Vučina Simović's article deals with the role of the Sephardi woman in preserving/transforming Judeo-Spanish in the former Yugoslavia. The paper analyzes the link between the woman’s social status and her choice of spoken language, based upon a corpus collected in Belgrade and Sarajevo. The main argument is that as long as the traditional-patriarchal social structure was maintained, the woman represented the mainstay of the preservation of community identity and the Judeo-Spanish language. But with modernization and the emancipation of women things became reversed. It was precisely the women who worked to replace Judeo-Spanish so as to make it easier for them to assimilate into broader society, which they saw as a springboard for social and professional advancement. Apparently, lack of loyalty to the group language did not encounter any social criticism of the type hurled against the changes in women’s behavior and customs.
Paolo Edoardo Fornaciari describes a book by Raffaellino Ascoli entitled Gli Ebrei venuti a Livorno (The Jews who came to Livorno), which appeared in 1886 in only twenty copies and is in Bagitto, the language of the Livorno Jews. It... more
Paolo Edoardo Fornaciari describes a book by Raffaellino Ascoli entitled Gli Ebrei venuti a Livorno (The Jews who came to Livorno), which appeared in 1886 in only twenty copies and is in Bagitto, the language of the Livorno Jews. It depicts the daily life of the Jews in the previous two hundred years. The female characters, their social relations, and their routine functioning are surveyed with a pinch of amusement.
The article by Alisa Meyuhas-Ginio brings the readers back to Jewish tradition. Rabbi Ya’akov Khulí’s Me’am Lo’ez—a Ladino commentary on Genesis and half of Exodus—gained unprecedented popularity in the author’s own time and in the... more
The article by Alisa Meyuhas-Ginio  brings the readers back to Jewish tradition. Rabbi Ya’akov Khulí’s Me’am Lo’ez—a Ladino commentary on Genesis and half of Exodus—gained unprecedented popularity in the author’s own time and in the following two hundred years and became a guidebook for life among the various communities comprising the Mediterranean Sephardi dispersal. Jewish tradition presents the four Matriarchs—Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel—as an ideal to be imitated by Jewish women for all time. Yet, the biblical story does not ignore the human foibles of the Matriarchs: those who sinned through jealousy and envy and those who sinned through deceit, lies, and theft. How did the author of Me’am Lo’ez grapple with the contradiction, as it were, between the image of the four Matriarchs as a worthy model and the stories about their sins? Prof. Meyuhas-Ginio analyzes the different types of solutions offered by R. Ya’akov Khulí by basing himself on the Bible commentators, particularly Rashi, and on the Midrash and Talmud.
Felice Gambin writes about the image of the Muslim woman in Spanish essays in the Golden Age. The Spaniards describe the Muslim woman as having salient characteristics of beauty and exotic customs. Yet, in the writings of the Inquisition... more
Felice Gambin  writes about the image of the Muslim woman in Spanish essays in the Golden Age. The Spaniards describe the Muslim woman as having salient characteristics of beauty and exotic customs. Yet, in the writings of the Inquisition others emphases occur: hypocrite, liar, and secret maintainer of Muslim tradition and religion. The earlier authors took an interest in her beauty and dress, while in the view of the Inquisition she was choice prey.
Andrea Zinato treats the legend of the image of a famous woman, namely, the Jewess Marisaltos of Segovia who brought about a miracle of salvation. A version of the legend appears in poems by Alfonso the Wise on the Virgin Mary in the... more
Andrea Zinato  treats the legend of the image of a famous woman, namely, the Jewess Marisaltos of Segovia who brought about a miracle of salvation. A version of the legend appears in poems by Alfonso the Wise on the Virgin Mary in the thirteenth century. Other versions recur in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in works by two authors from Segovia, Alonso di Ladesma and Gerónimo de Alcalá Yáñez y Rivera. The legend is mentioned in an anti-Jewish essay by Alfonso de Espina in the fifteenth century and again in the writings of the Carmelite P. Francisco de San Marcos at the end of the seventeenth century. These writers used this legend as a hoist for vicious, extreme anti-Semitic attacks.
Silvia Monti's article depicts the mythological image of Rachel the Jewess of Toledo. The article’s aim is to analyze the changes that occurred in the mythical story of the love between the king of Castile and the Jewess Rachel, to... more
Silvia Monti's article depicts the mythological image of Rachel the Jewess of Toledo. The article’s aim is to analyze the changes that occurred in the mythical story of the love between the king of Castile and the Jewess Rachel, to examine the political aims of the theatrical works that dealt with this story, and to focus on the ethno-religious problematics raised by it.
Haim Weiss's artciel deals with canonic Hebrew literature. The article focuses on four stories about dreams in the Babylonian Talmud, in which the dreamer has sexual relations with women forbidden to him: his mother, his sister; an... more
Haim Weiss's artciel deals with canonic Hebrew literature. The article focuses on four stories about dreams in the Babylonian Talmud, in which the dreamer has sexual relations with women forbidden to him: his mother, his sister; an engaged young woman, and a married woman. Examined are the ways in which the Rabbis transformed these taboo desires into a comprehensive system of permitted aspirations that befit the legal and cultural norms accepted in their world. The guiding principle in this symbolization system is the transfer of forbidden sexual urges to scholarly-intellectual energies, including the wish for wisdom, discernment, and Torah study.

'ראיתי יונים חגות סביב למיטה' – נשים ודימויים נשיים בספרות החלום של חז"ל

מאמר זה בוחן סדרה ספציפית של חלומות העוסקים במשאלות אודות יחסי מין עם נשים האסורות על החולם באיסורי טבו. לקראת סופה של מסכת ברכות שבתלמוד הבבלי יש שני דפים וחצי המוקדשים לדיונים ארוכים ושיטתיים בחלום. בסופם של אותם עמודים, מילון ממיין של סמלי חלום ומשמעותם, על פי נושאים שונים. אחד הנושאים הוא סדרה של ארבעה חלומות בהם החולם מקיים יחסי מין עם נשים האסורות עליו וביניהן אמו, אחותו, נערה מאורסת ואשת איש. ההרצאה בחנה את האופנים השונים בהם תרגמו חז"ל את המשאלות האסורות הללו לכלל מערכת של משאלות מותרות העולות בקנה אחד עם הנורמות התרבותיות וההלכתיות המקובלות בעולמם. העיקרון המנחה במערכת הסמלה זו הוא טרנספורמציה של משאלות מיניות אסורות לכלל אנרגיות למדניות-אינטלקטואליות ובהן המשאלה לחכמה, בינה ולימוד תורה.
Gila Hadar's article deals with the phenomenon of prostitution, one which the community tried to hide. During World War I, owing to the large number of soldiers of the Entente in Salonika the boundaries of nationality and morals were... more
Gila Hadar's article  deals with the phenomenon of prostitution, one which the community tried to hide. During World War I, owing to the large number of soldiers of the Entente in Salonika the boundaries of nationality and morals were breached. The Hellenization process was expressed not only in economic, political, and demographic changes but also in the spread of prostitution in the city. Yet, being a Jewish minority in a Greek city, the community tried to conceal the phenomenon so as to not harm its moral image. The story of the Jewish prostitutes is one of enforced silence —the Jewish community worried foremost about its public image and the honor of the nation.
Research Interests:
Aldina Quintana of the Spanish National Research Council proposes an analysis of the topic of the Spanish woman in the newspaper La Alvorada (Dawn; Sarajevo 1900–1901), which demonstrates its devotion to the European atmosphere of the... more
Aldina Quintana of the Spanish National Research Council proposes an analysis of the topic of the Spanish woman in the newspaper La Alvorada (Dawn; Sarajevo 1900–1901), which demonstrates its devotion to the European atmosphere of the period (modernization and emancipation). Similar to Sephardi Jewish journalists, the reporters of La Alvorada, too, defended the important role of the woman in maintaining the ethical values of Judaism. Yet, they stressed a new element: defending the intellectual capability of the woman and her right to intellectual activity. Thus, Sarah Siman-Tov became party to the world of journalism that had until then been only under the sway of men.
Meritxell Blasco describes Spanish-Jewish medical-magical manuscripts from the middle of the nineteenth century, written in Hebrew and Judeo-Spanish. They were apparently written in Jerusalem and are now located in the National Library in... more
Meritxell Blasco describes Spanish-Jewish medical-magical manuscripts from the middle of the nineteenth century, written in Hebrew and Judeo-Spanish. They were apparently written in Jerusalem and are now located in the National Library in St. Petersburg. The article offers the reader a selection of lists and recipes dealing with gynecology and feminine cosmetics.
Gérard Nahon concentrates in his article on the status and role of the woman as described in a book by Jacob b. David Pardo, who was the rabbi of the Jewish community of Split and then of Dubrovnik at the end of the eighteenth century.... more
Gérard Nahon concentrates in his article on the status and role of the woman as described in a book by Jacob b. David Pardo, who was the rabbi of the Jewish community of Split and then of Dubrovnik at the end of the eighteenth century. These descriptions reflect rabbinic thinking on the religious functions of the woman in the East and West at the beginning of modernization, and even touch upon Rabbi Pardo’s personal problems. Various scholars feel that Rabbi Pardo was buried in Jerusalem, but in 2000 Prof. Nahon found his gravestone in the Dubrovnik cemetery.
The article by Florbela Veiga Frade focuses on the domestic life of the Conversos in Portugal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly on the role of the woman as the preserver of Jewish traditions and customs. This... more
The article by Florbela Veiga Frade focuses on the domestic life of the Conversos in Portugal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly on the role of the woman as the preserver of Jewish traditions and customs. This paper’s particular importance stems from its comprehensive use of archival material. From those documents one learns details about dietary customs, cleanliness and hygiene, funeral rites and mourning, fasts and prayers. The women were the ones who maintained the Jewish traditions and, in a number of instances, served as spiritual leaders.
José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva Tavim presents a completely different type of woman than in the previous article. His paper is devoted to D. Grácia Nasci, a noble sixteenth-century business woman, whose revered image has become a legend... more
José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva Tavim presents a completely different type of woman than in the previous article. His paper is devoted to D. Grácia Nasci, a noble sixteenth-century business woman, whose revered image has become a legend in both Spanish-Jewish literature and historiography. Throughout the Ottoman Empire, D. Grácia was perceived as representing the victory of feminism, while in Portugal the emphasis was on her belonging to the Conversos. In any event, she was depicted in romantic colors as the “ideal Sephardi woman”.
The article by Asunción Blasco Martínez deals with the daily life of Jewish women in Aragon during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A woman was, of course, educated toward married life and motherhood, but the paper stresses... more
The article by Asunción Blasco Martínez  deals with the daily life of Jewish women in Aragon during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A woman was, of course, educated toward married life and motherhood, but the paper stresses specifically more difficult aspects about which scarcely anything has been written: loveless marriages, divorce, the importance of the ketubbah (marriage contract), abuse and violence in the home, a husband who married an additional wife, dispossession of assets, adultery and incest.
Moises Orfali's article deals with takkanot ha-kehilah (community regulations) against excessive outlay and ostentatiousness regarding clothing during the early Middle Ages. The Jewish community leaders in Castile created a series of... more
Moises Orfali's article deals with takkanot ha-kehilah (community regulations) against excessive outlay and ostentatiousness regarding clothing during the early Middle Ages. The Jewish community leaders in Castile created a series of regulations aimed at limiting the magnificence of dress and jewelry and at establishing setting modest norms for clothing. After the Expulsion from Spain similar decisions were taken among the dispersal of Spanish Jews, in accordance to what was accepted in the non-Jewish milieu.
This issue of El Prezente is devoted to the topic of “gender and identity.” The articles are based on lectures given at the International Conference on “The Jewish Woman,” held in Dubrovnik at the Center for Mediterranean Studies of... more
This issue of El Prezente is devoted to the topic of “gender and identity.” The articles are based on lectures given at the International Conference on “The Jewish Woman,” held in Dubrovnik at the Center for Mediterranean Studies of Zagreb University under the chairmanship of Prof. Ivana Burđelez and in conjunction with the Moshe David Gaon Center for Ladino Culture directed by Prof. Tamar Alexander and the Ottoman-Turkish Sephardic Culture Research Center directed by Karen Gerson Sarhon. Forty lecturers took part in the conference, seventeen of whom chose to expand and elaborate their lectures in order to fit the format of an academic article. These seventeen articles are presented here, each of them in the original language in which the lecture was given: Spanish, English, Italian and French.
As to the content of the items by discipline, we have divided the issue into four sections: history and sociology, literature, linguistics, and music.
... Filling Lexical Gaps: Spanish as Ibn Verga´s First Language of Reference. Autores: EliezerPapo; Localización: Hispania judaica bulletin, ISSN 1565-0073, Nº. 8, 2011 , págs. 167-180. Fundación Dialnet. Acceso de usuarios registrados. ...

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Even our era of fluid and overlapping identities has not ended the age-old tension between different aspects and perceptions of Jewish identity. Is the principal determinant of Jewish identity a person's relationship to "Judaism", or... more
Even our era of fluid and overlapping identities has not ended the age-old tension between different aspects and perceptions of Jewish identity. Is the principal determinant of Jewish identity a person's relationship to "Judaism", or should Jewishness be perceived primarily as an ethnic culture and identity? After all, the term Iudaismos (Judaism) is not a Jewish one; it was coined by the ancient Greeks to designate the laws and customs of the people of the Israelite state of Judah. The pre-modern Hebrew language did not even have a word for "religion". Classical rabbinic texts generally do not speak of "Jews", but rather of the collective "Israel", whose redemption would be communal and occur in history, within this world.