Il n'est pas possible, en France et dans l'Union europeenne, de commercialiser des Organi... more Il n'est pas possible, en France et dans l'Union europeenne, de commercialiser des Organismes Genetiquement Modifies s'ils n'ont pas recu une autoriasation de mise sur le marche. C'est dans ce cadre que sont definies les missions de la Commission du Genie Biomoleculaire (CGB). La CGB est une instance consultative qui examine les aspects relatifs a la securite environnementale et de sante publique. Une coordination nationale et europeenne fonctionne. L'inscription au catalogue des especes et varietes des plantes cultivees constitue un cadre supplementaire. De plus, le demandeur doit proceder a une etude scientifique pluridisciplinaire.
Le dispositif francais de biovigilance a ete concu au depart (arretes du 5 fevrier et du 3 aout 1... more Le dispositif francais de biovigilance a ete concu au depart (arretes du 5 fevrier et du 3 aout 1998, Loi d'orientation agricole de 1999), pour evaluer les impacts des cultures genetiquement modifiees (OGM ou cultures GM) ; son objet s'est depuis lors elargi. Sont presentes ses bases juridiques (en rapport avec la surveillance biologique du territoire pour les organismes de quarantaine) ses objectifs, ses concepts avec l'usage des bio-indicateurs, les acteurs impliques et les dispositifs mis en place. Les actions menees en France sont citees : - suivi a partir de I998 des mais GM resistant a la pyrale, leurs ravageurs cibles (populations, resistance) et non cibles, le reste de l'entomofaune aerienne (mais CM et conventionnels compares, suivis de grandes parcelles) ; les resultats sont evoques. -mise en place a partir de 2001 d'un reseau de suivi de la flore adventice des grandes cultures. - integration et elargissement des reseaux pour analyses de l'entomofau...
Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 2006
ABSTRACT The biological survey of the national territory consists of monitoring the evolution of ... more ABSTRACT The biological survey of the national territory consists of monitoring the evolution of crop pests and other bio-indicators linked with agricultural productions. The annual assessments of a large number of indicators enable the detection of signifi- cant time trends which may be linked to agricultural practices, new plant protection products, changes in farming practices or plant cultivars. The early detection survey of any significant modification was developed in accordance with the French Agricultural Orientation Law of 1999 implementing biovigilance activity. Since 1998, this surveillance has been aimed at a number of pests and other animal organisms of corn crops. It was extended to other environment parameters: weed flora on nearly 900 fields of different crops in rotation since 2002, spread on the main crops areas of the territory, fungus of corn kernel and mycotoxin since 2004, soil pests and birds since 2005. In 2006, follow-up would be extended to all plant diseases and pests of crops involved in a rotation on the nine hundred fields net, with also first follow-up on vineyard.
Genetic transformation constitutes a new tool for improvement of microorganisms, animals and plan... more Genetic transformation constitutes a new tool for improvement of microorganisms, animals and plants used in food. We present foreseeable risks, as well as management measures to avoid unsuspected risks of GMOs. Few risks are specific to GMOs. Present elements of French and European regulations concerning placing on the market and follow up GMOs and other novel foods are described.
ABSTRACT Light-grown cotyledons of radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv National) subjected to increasi... more ABSTRACT Light-grown cotyledons of radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv National) subjected to increasing NaCI concentrations displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of proline at the beginning of their differentiation. Neither erythromycin nor DCMU significantly affected the salt-induced proline accumulation, which suggests that plastids may not be involved in proline synthesis. Gabaculine has been shown previously to be a powerful and irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase [Hervieu et al. (1993) Phyto-chemistry 34, 231–234]. This inhibitor applied in vivo at a very low concentration (1 mmol m−3) reduced considerably the salt-induced proline accumulation of radish cotyledons. These results indicate that the ornithine pathway contributes, via an increase of ornithine aminotransferase activity, to proline synthesis, as well as the glutamate pathway, in salt-treated cotyledons. The use of transcription and translation inhibitors revealed that the salt-induced increase in ornithine aminotransferase activity may proceed via an activation of the translation of preformed mRNAs. The pre-existing ornithine aminotransferase mRNAs in radish seeds may be an important adaptation to NaCI, leading to proline accumulation at the beginning of seedling growth.
ABSTRACT Gabaculine (GAB) and 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid (AHA) have been shown to be enzyme-activate... more ABSTRACT Gabaculine (GAB) and 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid (AHA) have been shown to be enzyme-activated inhibitors of radish ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). The in vitro results were entirely compatible with the in vivo situation. However, it appeared that GAB was a more effective inhibitor than AHA as it was active at a lower concentration (1 μM) leading in vivo to almost complete irreversible inhibition of OAT within a few hours. GAB and AHA will be useful tools to study the physiological consequences of OAT inhibition in plants.
The metabolic control of branches chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis involves allosteric regula... more The metabolic control of branches chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis involves allosteric regulation of acetolactate synthase (ALS) by the end-products of the pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine. We describe here the molecular basis of valine resistance. We cloned and sequenced an ALS gene from the tobacco mutant Valr-1 and found a single basepair substitution relative to the wild-type allele. This mutation causes a serine to leucine change in the amino acid sequence of ALS at position 214. We then mutagenized the wild-type allele of the ALS gene of Arabidopsis and found that it confers valine resistance when introduced into tobacco plants. Taken together, these results suggest that the serine to leucine change at position 214 of ALS is responsible for valine resistance in tobacco.
Il n'est pas possible, en France et dans l'Union europeenne, de commercialiser des Organi... more Il n'est pas possible, en France et dans l'Union europeenne, de commercialiser des Organismes Genetiquement Modifies s'ils n'ont pas recu une autoriasation de mise sur le marche. C'est dans ce cadre que sont definies les missions de la Commission du Genie Biomoleculaire (CGB). La CGB est une instance consultative qui examine les aspects relatifs a la securite environnementale et de sante publique. Une coordination nationale et europeenne fonctionne. L'inscription au catalogue des especes et varietes des plantes cultivees constitue un cadre supplementaire. De plus, le demandeur doit proceder a une etude scientifique pluridisciplinaire.
Le dispositif francais de biovigilance a ete concu au depart (arretes du 5 fevrier et du 3 aout 1... more Le dispositif francais de biovigilance a ete concu au depart (arretes du 5 fevrier et du 3 aout 1998, Loi d'orientation agricole de 1999), pour evaluer les impacts des cultures genetiquement modifiees (OGM ou cultures GM) ; son objet s'est depuis lors elargi. Sont presentes ses bases juridiques (en rapport avec la surveillance biologique du territoire pour les organismes de quarantaine) ses objectifs, ses concepts avec l'usage des bio-indicateurs, les acteurs impliques et les dispositifs mis en place. Les actions menees en France sont citees : - suivi a partir de I998 des mais GM resistant a la pyrale, leurs ravageurs cibles (populations, resistance) et non cibles, le reste de l'entomofaune aerienne (mais CM et conventionnels compares, suivis de grandes parcelles) ; les resultats sont evoques. -mise en place a partir de 2001 d'un reseau de suivi de la flore adventice des grandes cultures. - integration et elargissement des reseaux pour analyses de l'entomofau...
Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 2006
ABSTRACT The biological survey of the national territory consists of monitoring the evolution of ... more ABSTRACT The biological survey of the national territory consists of monitoring the evolution of crop pests and other bio-indicators linked with agricultural productions. The annual assessments of a large number of indicators enable the detection of signifi- cant time trends which may be linked to agricultural practices, new plant protection products, changes in farming practices or plant cultivars. The early detection survey of any significant modification was developed in accordance with the French Agricultural Orientation Law of 1999 implementing biovigilance activity. Since 1998, this surveillance has been aimed at a number of pests and other animal organisms of corn crops. It was extended to other environment parameters: weed flora on nearly 900 fields of different crops in rotation since 2002, spread on the main crops areas of the territory, fungus of corn kernel and mycotoxin since 2004, soil pests and birds since 2005. In 2006, follow-up would be extended to all plant diseases and pests of crops involved in a rotation on the nine hundred fields net, with also first follow-up on vineyard.
Genetic transformation constitutes a new tool for improvement of microorganisms, animals and plan... more Genetic transformation constitutes a new tool for improvement of microorganisms, animals and plants used in food. We present foreseeable risks, as well as management measures to avoid unsuspected risks of GMOs. Few risks are specific to GMOs. Present elements of French and European regulations concerning placing on the market and follow up GMOs and other novel foods are described.
ABSTRACT Light-grown cotyledons of radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv National) subjected to increasi... more ABSTRACT Light-grown cotyledons of radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv National) subjected to increasing NaCI concentrations displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of proline at the beginning of their differentiation. Neither erythromycin nor DCMU significantly affected the salt-induced proline accumulation, which suggests that plastids may not be involved in proline synthesis. Gabaculine has been shown previously to be a powerful and irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase [Hervieu et al. (1993) Phyto-chemistry 34, 231–234]. This inhibitor applied in vivo at a very low concentration (1 mmol m−3) reduced considerably the salt-induced proline accumulation of radish cotyledons. These results indicate that the ornithine pathway contributes, via an increase of ornithine aminotransferase activity, to proline synthesis, as well as the glutamate pathway, in salt-treated cotyledons. The use of transcription and translation inhibitors revealed that the salt-induced increase in ornithine aminotransferase activity may proceed via an activation of the translation of preformed mRNAs. The pre-existing ornithine aminotransferase mRNAs in radish seeds may be an important adaptation to NaCI, leading to proline accumulation at the beginning of seedling growth.
ABSTRACT Gabaculine (GAB) and 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid (AHA) have been shown to be enzyme-activate... more ABSTRACT Gabaculine (GAB) and 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid (AHA) have been shown to be enzyme-activated inhibitors of radish ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). The in vitro results were entirely compatible with the in vivo situation. However, it appeared that GAB was a more effective inhibitor than AHA as it was active at a lower concentration (1 μM) leading in vivo to almost complete irreversible inhibition of OAT within a few hours. GAB and AHA will be useful tools to study the physiological consequences of OAT inhibition in plants.
The metabolic control of branches chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis involves allosteric regula... more The metabolic control of branches chain amino acid (BCAA) biosynthesis involves allosteric regulation of acetolactate synthase (ALS) by the end-products of the pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine. We describe here the molecular basis of valine resistance. We cloned and sequenced an ALS gene from the tobacco mutant Valr-1 and found a single basepair substitution relative to the wild-type allele. This mutation causes a serine to leucine change in the amino acid sequence of ALS at position 214. We then mutagenized the wild-type allele of the ALS gene of Arabidopsis and found that it confers valine resistance when introduced into tobacco plants. Taken together, these results suggest that the serine to leucine change at position 214 of ALS is responsible for valine resistance in tobacco.
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Papers by F. Hervieu