Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which i... more Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which is the emerging phenomenon of singlehood in older age. Meanwhile, most of the available studies on the never married older adults; have only focused on a limited area of their life and many of the results are not consistent. Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach. Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories. Results: In the analysis step,...
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults’ lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also ...
Abstract Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in diffe... more Abstract Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness. Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials & Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones. Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage... more Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage age is increasing as well. Clearly, an increase in the number of never-married older adults is expected. The aim of this descriptive, analytical study was to determine the growth trend of never-married older population and its association with education level in Iran. Methods: Based on the raw data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, we studied the population of never-married older adults in the past 25 years and evaluated the growth pattern in different parts of Iran, using ArcGIS software. We also examined the association of singlehood in late life with education in men and women residing in rural and urban areas, using the Chi-square test in SPSS version 22. Results: A sharp increase was observed in the population of never-married older adults, particularly women, in the past 10 years. Women with formal education from urban and rural areas were more likely to be never married in late life (χ2 = 10455.35, P < 0.001 and χ2 = 271.31, P < 0.001, respectively). Older men with formal education from urban areas were more likely to be never married (χ2 = 35.44, P < 0.001), while men with formal education from rural areas were less likely to be never married (χ2 = 179.13, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of increase in the population of never-married older women was much higher than the overall growth of older population. Women with formal education, particularly those with university and pre-university degrees, were more likely to be single in late life. It is strongly suggested to determine the causes and process of singlehood in old age in future research, including qualitative studies.
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults’ lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also ...
Background: Ageing is a complex phenomenon, which can vastly influence different dimensions of li... more Background: Ageing is a complex phenomenon, which can vastly influence different dimensions of life. One of the main concerns in gerontology is to understand how older adults experience ageing and its associated conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the role of phenomenology as a qualitative method in gerontology research.
Methods: In this review study, we summarized the key concepts in gerontology, reviewed the philosophy and methodology of phenomenology, presented both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological methods, and highlighted the areas which can be explored in ageing by phenomenology. We also presented some examples for studying the lived experiences of older adults using phenomenological methods.
Results: People experience noticeable changes in their body, emotions and social relations as they grow old. The biopsychosocial aspects of ageing are discussed in gerontology as a growing interdisciplinary science. Phenomenology allows the researchers to obtain a deep understanding of older adults lived experiences and it can connect the investigators of this discipline to the inner world of ageing adults.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that ageing is an important experience in life, and phenomenological reflection on the lived experiences of older adults can play a crucial role in increasing our knowledge about ageing.
Abstract
Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fie... more Abstract Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness. Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials & Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones. Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults' lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also by social workers. It is recommended to study the process of being unmarried in later life and factors influencing it using grounded theory.
Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which i... more Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which is the emerging phenomenon of singlehood in older age. Meanwhile, most of the available studies on the never married older adults; have only focused on a limited area of their life and many of the results are not consistent. Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach. Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories. Results: In the analysis step, 33 of the extracted articles had a quantitative approach and only seven of them had used qualitative or mixed methods. The relevant results in the articles were coded and clustered in 11 subcategories and three main categories of “as well as others”, “singleness as a premium” and “downsides”. These clusters illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of being single in later life as reported in the reviewed studies. Conclusion: The study discusses consistent as well as contradictory results. Most studies on the never married older adult are quantitative and have been conducted in developed countries. The controversial and unknown perspectives should be explored in further researches, using different approaches.
Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage... more Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage age is increasing as well. Clearly, an increase in the number of never-married older adults is expected. The aim of this descriptive, analytical study was to determine the growth trend of never-married older population and its association with education level in Iran. Methods: Based on the raw data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, we studied the population of never-married older adults in the past 25 years and evaluated the growth pattern in different parts of Iran, using ArcGIS software. We also examined the association of singlehood in late life with education in men and women residing in rural and urban areas, using the Chi-square test in SPSS version 22. Results: A sharp increase was observed in the population of never-married older adults, particularly women, in the past 10 years. Women with formal education from urban and rural areas were more likely to be never married in late life (χ 2 = 10455.35, P < 0.001 and χ 2 = 271.31, P < 0.001, respectively). Older men with formal education from urban areas were more likely to be never married (χ 2 = 35.44, P < 0.001), while men with formal education from rural areas were less likely to be never married (χ 2 = 179.13, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of increase in the population of never-married older women was much higher than the overall growth of older population. Women with formal education, particularly those with university and pre-university degrees, were more likely to be single in late life. It is strongly suggested to determine the causes and process of singlehood in old age in future research, including qualitative studies.
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 2016
It is predicted that over the next 30 years, there will be a significant increase in the number o... more It is predicted that over the next 30 years, there will be a significant increase in the number of elderly parents who care for their children with intellectual disability. This paper is part of a larger qualitative study which investigated the unpleasant experiences of these parents. A phenomenological approach was adopted and data were collected through unstructured in-depth interviews with elderly parents of children with intellectual disability. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi&amp;amp;#39;s seven-step method. &amp;amp;quot;Bitterness&amp;amp;quot; is one of the four emergent themes extracted in this study which has five theme clusters: inappropriate behavior toward the child in the society, the society&amp;amp;#39;s failure to support the child with intellectual disability, sorrows experienced by parents, the child&amp;amp;#39;s problems, and barriers in the care of the child with intellectual disability. One significant barrier in the last theme cluster is limitations due to aging. The findings of this study suggest that the elderly parents of children with intellectual disability experience many sorrows and unpleasant feelings, but they mostly consider the social factors as the cause of problems and not the presence of the child. The results also indicate that older parents cannot look after the child as before in their old age; so, future well-designed studies are required for identification of the process of supporting them.
Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which i... more Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which is the emerging phenomenon of singlehood in older age. Meanwhile, most of the available studies on the never married older adults; have only focused on a limited area of their life and many of the results are not consistent. Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach. Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories. Results: In the analysis step,...
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults’ lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also ...
Abstract Background &amp; Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in diffe... more Abstract Background &amp; Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness. Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials &amp; Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones. Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage... more Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage age is increasing as well. Clearly, an increase in the number of never-married older adults is expected. The aim of this descriptive, analytical study was to determine the growth trend of never-married older population and its association with education level in Iran. Methods: Based on the raw data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, we studied the population of never-married older adults in the past 25 years and evaluated the growth pattern in different parts of Iran, using ArcGIS software. We also examined the association of singlehood in late life with education in men and women residing in rural and urban areas, using the Chi-square test in SPSS version 22. Results: A sharp increase was observed in the population of never-married older adults, particularly women, in the past 10 years. Women with formal education from urban and rural areas were more likely to be never married in late life (χ2 = 10455.35, P < 0.001 and χ2 = 271.31, P < 0.001, respectively). Older men with formal education from urban areas were more likely to be never married (χ2 = 35.44, P < 0.001), while men with formal education from rural areas were less likely to be never married (χ2 = 179.13, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of increase in the population of never-married older women was much higher than the overall growth of older population. Women with formal education, particularly those with university and pre-university degrees, were more likely to be single in late life. It is strongly suggested to determine the causes and process of singlehood in old age in future research, including qualitative studies.
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults’ lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also ...
Background: Ageing is a complex phenomenon, which can vastly influence different dimensions of li... more Background: Ageing is a complex phenomenon, which can vastly influence different dimensions of life. One of the main concerns in gerontology is to understand how older adults experience ageing and its associated conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the role of phenomenology as a qualitative method in gerontology research.
Methods: In this review study, we summarized the key concepts in gerontology, reviewed the philosophy and methodology of phenomenology, presented both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological methods, and highlighted the areas which can be explored in ageing by phenomenology. We also presented some examples for studying the lived experiences of older adults using phenomenological methods.
Results: People experience noticeable changes in their body, emotions and social relations as they grow old. The biopsychosocial aspects of ageing are discussed in gerontology as a growing interdisciplinary science. Phenomenology allows the researchers to obtain a deep understanding of older adults lived experiences and it can connect the investigators of this discipline to the inner world of ageing adults.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that ageing is an important experience in life, and phenomenological reflection on the lived experiences of older adults can play a crucial role in increasing our knowledge about ageing.
Abstract
Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fie... more Abstract Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness. Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials & Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones. Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in t... more The growth of the aging population and the increase of age at marriage will result in a rise in the number of never-married people in the future, although there is not sufficient qualitative evidence on this emerging phenomenon. The present study aimed to explore the lived experience of never-married older adults. The lived experiences of 12 never-married older adults were collected using an in-depth interview. The hermeneutics method of Van Manen was used for identification, description, and interpretation of emergent themes. Reflection on the lived experiences of the participants uncovered six themes, including: feeling of independence, combating loneliness, moving up to self-development, feeling of regret and loss, close relationships with friends and relatives, and being annoyed of stigmatization. The findings of the present study, which illuminate the hidden aspects of never-married older adults' lives, can be used by healthcare professionals such as psychotherapists, and also by social workers. It is recommended to study the process of being unmarried in later life and factors influencing it using grounded theory.
Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which i... more Introduction: The increasing marriage age in societies can have many consequences, one of which is the emerging phenomenon of singlehood in older age. Meanwhile, most of the available studies on the never married older adults; have only focused on a limited area of their life and many of the results are not consistent. Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach. Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories. Results: In the analysis step, 33 of the extracted articles had a quantitative approach and only seven of them had used qualitative or mixed methods. The relevant results in the articles were coded and clustered in 11 subcategories and three main categories of “as well as others”, “singleness as a premium” and “downsides”. These clusters illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of being single in later life as reported in the reviewed studies. Conclusion: The study discusses consistent as well as contradictory results. Most studies on the never married older adult are quantitative and have been conducted in developed countries. The controversial and unknown perspectives should be explored in further researches, using different approaches.
Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage... more Background: Statistics show that the age of the Iranian population is advancing, and the marriage age is increasing as well. Clearly, an increase in the number of never-married older adults is expected. The aim of this descriptive, analytical study was to determine the growth trend of never-married older population and its association with education level in Iran. Methods: Based on the raw data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, we studied the population of never-married older adults in the past 25 years and evaluated the growth pattern in different parts of Iran, using ArcGIS software. We also examined the association of singlehood in late life with education in men and women residing in rural and urban areas, using the Chi-square test in SPSS version 22. Results: A sharp increase was observed in the population of never-married older adults, particularly women, in the past 10 years. Women with formal education from urban and rural areas were more likely to be never married in late life (χ 2 = 10455.35, P < 0.001 and χ 2 = 271.31, P < 0.001, respectively). Older men with formal education from urban areas were more likely to be never married (χ 2 = 35.44, P < 0.001), while men with formal education from rural areas were less likely to be never married (χ 2 = 179.13, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The rate of increase in the population of never-married older women was much higher than the overall growth of older population. Women with formal education, particularly those with university and pre-university degrees, were more likely to be single in late life. It is strongly suggested to determine the causes and process of singlehood in old age in future research, including qualitative studies.
Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 2016
It is predicted that over the next 30 years, there will be a significant increase in the number o... more It is predicted that over the next 30 years, there will be a significant increase in the number of elderly parents who care for their children with intellectual disability. This paper is part of a larger qualitative study which investigated the unpleasant experiences of these parents. A phenomenological approach was adopted and data were collected through unstructured in-depth interviews with elderly parents of children with intellectual disability. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi&amp;amp;#39;s seven-step method. &amp;amp;quot;Bitterness&amp;amp;quot; is one of the four emergent themes extracted in this study which has five theme clusters: inappropriate behavior toward the child in the society, the society&amp;amp;#39;s failure to support the child with intellectual disability, sorrows experienced by parents, the child&amp;amp;#39;s problems, and barriers in the care of the child with intellectual disability. One significant barrier in the last theme cluster is limitations due to aging. The findings of this study suggest that the elderly parents of children with intellectual disability experience many sorrows and unpleasant feelings, but they mostly consider the social factors as the cause of problems and not the presence of the child. The results also indicate that older parents cannot look after the child as before in their old age; so, future well-designed studies are required for identification of the process of supporting them.
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Methods: In this review study, we summarized the key concepts in gerontology, reviewed the philosophy and methodology of phenomenology, presented both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological methods, and highlighted the areas which can be explored in ageing by phenomenology. We also presented some examples for studying the lived experiences of older adults using phenomenological methods.
Results: People experience noticeable changes in their body, emotions and social relations as they grow old. The biopsychosocial aspects of ageing are discussed in gerontology as a growing interdisciplinary science. Phenomenology allows the researchers to obtain a deep understanding of older adults lived experiences and it can connect the investigators of this discipline to the inner world of ageing adults.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that ageing is an important experience in life, and phenomenological reflection on the lived experiences of older adults can play a crucial role in increasing our knowledge about ageing.
Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness.
Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the
challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials & Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar,
PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and
methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics
studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones.
Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach.
Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories.
Results: In the analysis step, 33 of the extracted articles had a quantitative approach and only seven of them had used qualitative or mixed methods. The relevant results in the articles were coded and clustered in 11 subcategories and three main categories of “as well as others”, “singleness as a premium” and “downsides”. These clusters illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of being single in later life as reported in the reviewed studies.
Conclusion: The study discusses consistent as well as contradictory results. Most studies on the never married older adult are quantitative and have been conducted in developed countries. The controversial and unknown perspectives should be explored in further researches, using different approaches.
Methods: In this review study, we summarized the key concepts in gerontology, reviewed the philosophy and methodology of phenomenology, presented both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological methods, and highlighted the areas which can be explored in ageing by phenomenology. We also presented some examples for studying the lived experiences of older adults using phenomenological methods.
Results: People experience noticeable changes in their body, emotions and social relations as they grow old. The biopsychosocial aspects of ageing are discussed in gerontology as a growing interdisciplinary science. Phenomenology allows the researchers to obtain a deep understanding of older adults lived experiences and it can connect the investigators of this discipline to the inner world of ageing adults.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that ageing is an important experience in life, and phenomenological reflection on the lived experiences of older adults can play a crucial role in increasing our knowledge about ageing.
Background & Aims: The application of qualitative methods is developing in different fields including the health science. One of the challenges for hermeneutic researchers is the issue of trustworthiness.
Given that these studies do not target external reality in their process, traditional criteria to show the correspondence to reality have been reported as controversial. The current study aims to review the
challenges of these criteria and introduce exclusive strategies corresponding to hermeneutic studies.Materials & Methods: Using the related keywords, English papers were searched in “Google Scholar,
PubMed, and Web of Science” in June 2020 and the sources were extracted. Having reviewed the abstracts and the full texts, 13 articles directly related to the subject under study were selected. Moreover, another set of 12 pieces of related literature were added by referring to other sources such as the related citations. The collected data were analyzed using a critical review approach.Results: Data analysis demonstrated differences in the suggested methods for trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies. Although some references indicate that application of “credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability” is possible in hermeneutics, the difference in theoretical and
methodological frameworks have resulted in the introduction of new expressions such as “balanced integration, openness, concreteness, resonance, and actualization” for trustworthiness in hermeneutics
studies. Conclusion: No single criteria can be applied to assess trustworthiness in all qualitative methods. The application of general criteria for judging trustworthiness in hermeneutic studies has been reported as problematic. The present study results can assist researchers of qualitative inquiries particularly those engaged in hermeneutic researches to select appropriate criteria based on the research method. Although further scrutiny is needed, the criteria specifically compatible with hermeneutic studies such as those expressed by De Witt and Ploeg seem more appropriate than the traditional ones.
Keywords: trustworthiness, rigor, phenomenology, hermeneutics, qualitative research
Aim: To classify the results of various studies on the characteristics of never married older adults and to identify the gaps in the literature with a holistic approach.
Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilised for gathering and analysing data from February 2019 to August 2019. A total of 1007 articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and other available records. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately 40 related articles (published between 1975 and 2019), were selected and analysed. The extracted findings were coded and classified into the sub and main categories.
Results: In the analysis step, 33 of the extracted articles had a quantitative approach and only seven of them had used qualitative or mixed methods. The relevant results in the articles were coded and clustered in 11 subcategories and three main categories of “as well as others”, “singleness as a premium” and “downsides”. These clusters illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of being single in later life as reported in the reviewed studies.
Conclusion: The study discusses consistent as well as contradictory results. Most studies on the never married older adult are quantitative and have been conducted in developed countries. The controversial and unknown perspectives should be explored in further researches, using different approaches.