Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an incessant public health challenge with a rising trend in community infection among students. This study compared the prevalence and risk factors for MRSA nasal colonization among... more
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an incessant public health challenge with a rising trend in community infection among students. This study compared the prevalence and risk factors for MRSA nasal colonization among students in two tertiary institutions in Southern(east and west) Nigeria. One hundred nasal swab samples were collected from healthy university students and questionnaire aided in the retrieval of demographic and possible risk data. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical approach. MRSA was detected phenotypically using both cefoxitin test and double disk synergy test. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done on the MRSA isolates against 9 antibiotics. A total of18% (18/100) and 6% (6/100) Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA isolates was detected respectively. Of which, 8% (4/50) and 4% (2/50) MRSA strains was found in south eastern and south western Nigeria respectively (p = 0.036). The mean age of the student...
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Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) is still a burden for Nigerian women because it is asymptomatic. The lack of detection of M. genitalium in apparently... more
Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) is still a burden for Nigerian women because it is asymptomatic. The lack of detection of M. genitalium in apparently healthy sexually active females in Nigeria is due to non-application of high throughput molecular approach. We conducted a study to identify M. genitalium in apparently healthy Nigerian female students using a phylogenetic approach. Methods: one hundred endocervical swab specimens were collected from a student population of sexually active females aged 15 - 39 years. The 16SrRNA gene V1-V3 region of M. genitalium were amplified directly from the specimens before sequencing. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was carried out to determine genetic relatedness. Results: the prevalence of M. genitalium infection was 1% among students. The majority (59%) of them were between 20 - 24 years, with a mean age of 26.2 ± 2.66 years. High number of sexual partners, previous STI and irregular condom use were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the prevalence of M. genitalium infection. There was extensive lack of knowledge (0%) about M. genitalium infection among the students. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three clades with different relatedness. Our study highlighted that 16SrRNA gene was a detector of M. genitalium, but it shared no phylogenetic relationship with other examined species from around the world. Conclusion: despite a low prevalence of M. genitalium infection among the understudied group, its cause was not established; consequently, prevention and control measures should be based on health education in the general population in order to limit the spread of this pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify M. genitalium among the general population of Nigeria using a phylogenetic approach.
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Research Interests: Medicine, Syphilis, Serology, Occult, Hepatitis B, and 3 moreClinical Sciences, Hepatitis B virus, and HBsAg
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Background: Genetic evidence of asymptomatic Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) infection associated with infertility among females is lacking because suitable high throughput molecular methods... more
Background: Genetic evidence of asymptomatic Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) infection associated with infertility among females is lacking because suitable high throughput molecular methods have not been applied. Objective: This study aimed to explore the occurrence of M. hominis and U. urealyticum in the genital tract of females with asymptomatic infection and infertility as well as determine their genetic relatedness. Materials and Methods: The study group included 100 asymptomatic females and 31 females diagnosed with infertility. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene following DNA extraction was performed directly from endo-cervical swabs. Phylogenetic analysis established the genetic linkage between the isolates from both groups. Results: In asymptomatic females, M. hominis and U. urealyticum were detected with a prevalence of 8% and 2% respectively. Among females with infertility, the prevalence was 6.45% and 3.23% for M. hominis and U. u...
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The study was a cross-sectional survey, aimed at assessing the level of perceived stress, common sources of perceived stress, physio-psycho-social responses and coping strategies to stress among student nurses undergoing training in... more
The study was a cross-sectional survey, aimed at assessing the level of perceived stress, common sources of perceived stress, physio-psycho-social responses and coping strategies to stress among student nurses undergoing training in Anambra State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique method was adopted for the study in which 183 student nurses from 4 different institutions were surveyed. Perceived stress scale (PSS) was used to determine the respondent’s level of stress and sources of stress. Physio-psycho-social response scale (PPSRS) was used to ascertain the respondent’s physio-psycho-social well-being, while coping behaviour inventory (CBI) was used to assess the respondents coping strategies. Results showed that 77.66 % of the participants had moderate level of perceived stress (mean score range 1.34-2.66), while 8.83 % had high level of stress (mean score range 2.67-4.00) and 13.51 % low stress level (mean score range 0-1.33). The major source of stress for most of the stu...
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an organism that belongs to the family mycoplasmataceae. Its role as a disease causing agent continues to draw interest especially with the advent of highly sensitive detection techniques. This bacterium poses a... more
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an organism that belongs to the family mycoplasmataceae. Its role as a disease causing agent continues to draw interest especially with the advent of highly sensitive detection techniques. This bacterium poses a health problem to both animals and humans resulting in serious illnesses such as community-acquired pneumonia, lung damage and this work investigated the prevalence of M. pneumoniae as agent of respiratory tract infections using culture and molecular methods of identification, in patients attending Pulmonary Tuberculosis Clinic at Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching, Hospital, Nnewi as well as detecting the most virulence gene of this organism. A total of 263 sputum samples were collected: 188 test subjects and 75 control subjects. These samples were examined bacteriologically using PPLO broth and agar, MacConkey, blood and chocolate agars. The overall prevalence rates of M. pneumoniae among the 263 subjects were 4.9% by culture. The prevalence rate of the organ...
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Background and aim: Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity and Type-2diabetes Mellitus. This study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of selective biological... more
Background and aim: Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity and Type-2diabetes Mellitus. This study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of selective biological markers in T2 diabetes. Materials and methods: Stool samples were collected from 110 confirmed T2DM and ten non-T2DM subjects, and bacterial DNA extracted. The V4 areas of bacterial 16S rRNA were amplified and sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Results: There was a strong correlation between the family Streptococcaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae with T2D. The genus-Faecalibacterium and genus-Roseburia demonstrated a negative correlation with T-2D. The Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) of the Area Under Curve (AUC) value of gut microbiome was in increasing order with family> Genus > Species > Order> Class.Therefore, we classified the diagnostic accuracy as poor (0.6 &...
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Aims: The study was carried out in order to determine the plasmid profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the type of antimicrobial resistance (whether it is chromosomal or plasmid mediated) among producers of extended spectrum... more
Aims: The study was carried out in order to determine the plasmid profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the type of antimicrobial resistance (whether it is chromosomal or plasmid mediated) among producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamases of uropathogens in children. Study Design: A cross-sectional study of three hundred children in a hospital. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics (Pediatrics Ward) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between January 2009 to September 2010. Methodology: Clean-catch urine samples were collected from 300 children aged 1 month to 16 years with suspected community acquired urinary tract infection. Isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by disc diffusion method. Extended Spectrum BetaLactamase (ESBL) was determined among the Gram-negative bacteria using double disc synergy test (DDST). The plasmid DNA of the bacterial isolates was extracted using Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(5): 1195-1203, 2014 1196 alkalysis method and electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel stained with 2μl ethidium bromide (EtBr). Result: The result of the study showed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest prevalence among gram positive bacteria. Escherichia coli had the highest prevalence among gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus showed cross resistance towards some of the antimicrobial agents. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas showed multiple drug resistance. All the uropathogens isolated were 100% susceptible to imipenem. The study highlights among the ESBL-producers, plasmids of higher molecular weight of 30Kb. Conclusion: It is therefore suggested that appropriate antimicrobial agent be administered to reduce the risk of multi-drug resistance and avert the ineffectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
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This study was aimed to isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to determine the prevalence rate of isolated P. aeruginosa in Hospitals in Onitsha. Isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from both clinical and environmental... more
This study was aimed to isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to determine the prevalence rate of isolated P. aeruginosa in Hospitals in Onitsha. Isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from both clinical and environmental sources using Cetrimide agar, Blood agar, Mueller-Hinton agar and MacConkey agar. All the inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours and growth was evaluated on these media. Isolates were identified on the basis of standard bacteriological methods like morphology, colonial characteristics, smell in culture, haemolysis, as well as pigment production on these media. All suspected isolates were further characterized and identified by many biochemical reactions. Results revealed that only 22 (18.3%) isolates were P. aeruginosa, while other 98 (81.7%) represented other bacterial genera. The 22 isolates included 19 (86.4%) environmental isolates and 3 (13.6%) clinical isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most commonly isolated from sink (13.6%)...
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Research Interests: Obstetrics, Adolescent, Medicine, India, Pregnancy, and 15 moreHumans, Female, Vagina, Prevalence, Adult, Bacterial Vaginosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Observational Study, Asymptomatic, Cross Sectional Studies, Gram Staining, Predictive value of tests, Rural Population, Pregnancy complications, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
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The prevalence of genital mycoplasma, a sexually transmitted pathogen, was studied in 168 reproductive aged women in Ibadan, Nigeria, using bacteriologic methods. An overall prevalence rate of 35.7% was obtained; with the highest... more
The prevalence of genital mycoplasma, a sexually transmitted pathogen, was studied in 168 reproductive aged women in Ibadan, Nigeria, using bacteriologic methods. An overall prevalence rate of 35.7% was obtained; with the highest prevalence rate found among artisans (50%) and students (39.1%). Women aged 21 -25 years and 36 -40 years had prevalence rates of 41.6 and 47.4%, respectively, while those with parity 4 and above had a higher prevalence rate (52%) as against those with parity 3 and below (33.6%). The educational status of the women revealed a statistically non-significant increase in prevalence of the organism in women who had secondary and tertiary education (36.7%) as against those with primary or no education (p>0.05). The need for health education of women, especially during a younger age is hereby emphasized to enlighten them on the need to avoid the acquisition of these microorganisms as well as other sexually transmitted pathogens which may adversely affect them i...
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The association between vaginal Lactobacillus spp and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reviewed. This study was done to evaluate the relationship between the presence of Lactobacillus spp isolated in the vagina of women... more
The association between vaginal Lactobacillus spp and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reviewed. This study was done to evaluate the relationship between the presence of Lactobacillus spp isolated in the vagina of women of reproductive age resident in Nnewi and vaginal tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-ᵞ) levels. A total of 220 women of reproductive age (pregnant and non-pregnant women) aged between 18-45 years who attended Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinics at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi and had been classified according to their clinical Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)- status, were enrolled for the study. Two vaginal swabs samples were obtained from each woman. The first swab was used for cultivation and isolation of Lactobacillus spp, while the second swab used for evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-ᵞ). Within the study population, women who were noted to be non-pregnant and clinically BV-positive had s...
Objective: The prevalence of phage 80/81 Staphylococcus aureus strains, the pandemic strains that were dominant in the 1950s, had declined in the 1960s and 1970s. However, these strains have reemerged in some countries in recent years.... more
Objective: The prevalence of phage 80/81 Staphylococcus aureus strains, the pandemic strains that were dominant in the 1950s, had declined in the 1960s and 1970s. However, these strains have reemerged in some countries in recent years. This study investigated the antibacterial resistance, virulence, and the genetic backgrounds of CC30-MSSA isolates obtained from patients in three tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two CC30-MSSA isolates cultured from different clinical samples were investigated using antibiotic sensitivity testing, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing, and DNA microarray analysis. Results: All 22 isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MIC ≤2 μg/mL), teicoplanin (MIC ≤2 μg/mL), and cefoxitin but were resistant to penicillin G (n = 22; 100.0%), tetracycline (n = 12; 54.5%), ciprofloxacin (n = 15; 68.2%), cadmium acetate (n = 22; 100%), mercuric chloride (n = 13; 59.1%), and ethidium bromide (n = 3; 13.6%). The isolates belonged to sequence type, ST3...
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This study aims to screen adolescent girls in Nnewi, South-Eastern Nigeria for the presence of potential pathogens like genital mycoplasmas and also to know the associated risk factors predisposing them to these organisms. A... more
This study aims to screen adolescent girls in Nnewi, South-Eastern Nigeria for the presence of potential pathogens like genital mycoplasmas and also to know the associated risk factors predisposing them to these organisms. A cross-sectional study involving the use of high vaginal swabs (HVS) from 100 adolescent girls aged between 13 and 18 years was done. Molecular method was used to analyse the swabs using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Questionnaires were also used to obtain the bio data and evaluate the risk factors to these vaginal organisms. A prevalence rate was was 20% out of which 4% represented concomitant colonization by 2 or more different species. A breakdown of the organisms showed that the Ureaplasma species-Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum had 6% and 4% colonization rates respectively while the Mycoplasma species-Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium had 4% and 6% rates respectively. Poor personal hygiene and sharing of personal effects we...
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Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the potability of sachet water sold in Nnewi metropolis. Ninety (90) sachet water samples obtained from 6 different manufacturers (J to O) were analyzed microbiologically by the multiple... more
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the potability of sachet water sold in Nnewi metropolis. Ninety (90) sachet water samples obtained from 6 different manufacturers (J to O) were analyzed microbiologically by the multiple tube technique. The mean most probable number (MPN)/100 ml of faecal
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Background: The use of herbal medicine continues to remain popular despite advances in orthodox medicine largely as a result of affordability and availability. However, contaminated and potentially toxic polyherbal preparations remain a... more
Background: The use of herbal medicine continues to remain popular despite advances in orthodox medicine largely as a result of affordability and availability. However, contaminated and potentially toxic polyherbal preparations remain a public health challenge despite regulations instituted by concerned agencies in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the bacterial contaminants of different polyherbal products sold in Nnewi, NigeriaMethodology: This study evaluated the bacteriological profile of 22 packaged and 22 unpackaged polyherbal preparations sold in Nnewi, Nigeria. The samples were collected from different herbal medicine shops in Nnewi by simple random sampling and were assayed for comparative bacterial loads with chromogenic media and their total viable counts evaluated following standard method for microbial load analysis.Results: Bacterial contaminants were isolated from 9 of 22 (40.9%) packaged polyherbal samples while 13 of 22 (59.1%) sample...
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ABSTRACT<br> Background: This study aimed to determine the knowledge of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), its impact on the social, economic life and the use of probiotics for prevention and treatment among reproductive aged Nigerian women.... more
ABSTRACT<br> Background: This study aimed to determine the knowledge of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), its impact on the social, economic life and the use of probiotics for prevention and treatment among reproductive aged Nigerian women. Method: A total of 171 participants comprising 86 female students and 85 healthcare practitioners were randomly selected for this study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic, social, health burden and knowledge on BV among the students. Data on knowledge, recurrences and financial burden of BV were collected from the healthcare practitioners. Results: Of the participants, 79.5% had heard of bacterial vaginosis from school (43.5%). Majority (45.1%) alleged that vaginal discharge is the most common symptom associated with BV while 34.6% admitted previous BV infection and 41.7% reported recurrences. Social burden of BV revealed that 53.7% indicated that BV makes them avoid having sex while 29.5% avoid closeness with peopl...
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Background/ Objectives: Transfusion Transmissible viral infections such as HIV, HBV and HCV are infectious agents that can pose a threat to blood safety. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and coinfection of Hepatitis B... more
Background/ Objectives: Transfusion Transmissible viral infections such as HIV, HBV and HCV are infectious agents that can pose a threat to blood safety. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and coinfection of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among blood donors tested negative to these viruses by rapid test devices. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twelve (212) healthy blood donors (108 and 104 from UATH and NAUTH respectively) certified fit for blood donation were recruited for this study. One hundred and nine eighty (198) samples that were seronegative for HBsAg, HIV, HCV and Syphilis by rapid test were examined for the presence of HBsAg, Anti-HCV and HIV (Ab + Ag) using 4TH generation ELISA. Qualitative conventional PCR was used to confirm ELISA positive sera for HBV DNA, HIV RNA and HCV RNA. Results: Out of 198 blood donor samples negative for HBV, HCV and HIV by rapid test, 13.7%, 13.7% and 8.1% were p...
Dermatophytosis are fungal infection that involve only superficial keratinized tissue of the body, skin, hair and nails. Out of the 1000 cultured samples on Sabroud dextrose agar, 320(32%) isolates of dermatophytes were isolated.... more
Dermatophytosis are fungal infection that involve only superficial keratinized tissue of the body, skin, hair and nails. Out of the 1000 cultured samples on Sabroud dextrose agar, 320(32%) isolates of dermatophytes were isolated. Susceptibility testing was performed using sterilized discs (6mm) prepared from whatman No. 1 filter paper, impregnated with different concentrations (25mg, 50mg, 100mg and 200mg) of terbinafine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and griseofulvin dissolved in 2% dimethylsuphuroxide (DMSO).These dermatophytes tested were susceptible to the five antifungal drugs used. The MIC of the quality control strains was within established ranges. However no resistance was recorded among the isolates. The isolates were less susceptible to griseofulvin and fluconazole with MICs ranging from 0.1-4.00 and 0.007-0.500ug/ml respectively. The MIC range for them respectively is between 0.06-0.125ug/ml for griseofulvin and 4.0-16.0ug/ml for fluconazole. Most dermatophytes 320(32%) were susceptible to terbinafine, since the MIC range was between 4.0-16.0 ug/ml. The study showed that there is no abuse of antifungal drugs in this area whose samples were used for the study.
Background: There is a dearth of information on the core oral bacteriome compositions of healthy Africans especially Nigerians, mostly due to the non-existence of apt molecular techniques. Objectives: In this study, we sought to determine... more
Background: There is a dearth of information on the core oral bacteriome compositions of healthy Africans especially Nigerians, mostly due to the non-existence of apt molecular techniques. Objectives: In this study, we sought to determine the core oral bacteriome compositions of ‘healthy’ Nigerian males and females. Methods: Oral samples were collected from nineteen adult subjects comprising 11 females and 8 males. DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA V4 region amplified using pattern barcoded primers prior to sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq program. Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) pipeline was used for 16S rRNA identification. The core genera were defined as taxa Original Research Article Anukam et al.; IJRRD, 1(1): 1-11, 2018; Article no.IJRRD.44125 2 present in all subjects and over 2.0% in abundance, while core species defined as taxa found in at least 17/19 samples and over 0.1% in abundance. Results: Overall, 111 genera and 151 species representing 14 phyla w...
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Abstract: To examine the interaction between genital mycoplasmas and other genital pathogens from the vaginal tracts of women of reproductive age, 168 high vaginal swabs were studied microbiologically. Sixty (35.7%) genital mycoplasmas... more
Abstract: To examine the interaction between genital mycoplasmas and other genital pathogens from the vaginal tracts of women of reproductive age, 168 high vaginal swabs were studied microbiologically. Sixty (35.7%) genital mycoplasmas were isolated along with a total of 76 (45.2%) other microorganisms. Candida albicans, Gardnerella vaginalis and Escherichia coli had prevalence rates of 16.7%, 11.9 % and 8.3% respectively. Others are Staphylococcus aureus (3.6%), Trichomonas vaginalis (3.4%) and Beta haemolytic Streptococcus (1.2%). B-haemolytic streptococci had the highest interaction rate (100%) with genital mycoplasmas and was followed by T. vaginalis, G. vaginalis and C. albicans with 55.6%, 55 % and 45.5% interaction rates respectively. Others had significantly low interaction rates of 7.1 % for Escherichia coli and 0.0 % for Staphylococcus aureus. Apart from Gardnerella vaginalis the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms were more from pregnant than non-pregnant women. Though t...
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Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), characterized by detection of HBV DNA (≤ 200 copies/µl) in the serum or tissues of subjects who have negative test for HBsAg has become a challenge to blood transfusion services. We present a... more
Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), characterized by detection of HBV DNA (≤ 200 copies/µl) in the serum or tissues of subjects who have negative test for HBsAg has become a challenge to blood transfusion services. We present a 24-year old, male, repeat blood donor at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria with viral load of 31379 copies/ul but negative to hepatitis B surface antigen. Hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood donor showed acceptable ranges except abnormally low hemoglobin levels. Serologic markers of HBV infection showed that the donor was positive for hepatitis B surface antibodies only. Gene sequencing and phylogenetic studies showed that the isolate belonged to the HBV genotype E with gene sequences similar to an isolate from Sudan. The study hereby recommends vigilant blood donors selection/recruitment, adequate screening as well as vaccination of populace with HBV vaccines.
Ureaplasmas have been associated with infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes in humans; and to study this experimentally, twelve (12) adult female albino mice (in 4 groups) were inoculated intravaginally with 3 different dilutions of a... more
Ureaplasmas have been associated with infertility and poor pregnancy outcomes in humans; and to study this experimentally, twelve (12) adult female albino mice (in 4 groups) were inoculated intravaginally with 3 different dilutions of a human ureaplasma strain. Three (3) vaginal swabs taken from each of the animals before and after inoculations were used for cytological and bacteriological assessments. The animals were mated with males and observed for outcomes. Giemsa-stained vaginal smears revealed no difference in the quantity of epithelial cells before and after inoculation and no significant difference were observed between the numbers of Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) seen 3 and 7 days after inoculation in any of the animal groups ( >0.05). Only 2 (28.6%) of the animals were colonized and organisms were recovered on sacrifice from the 2 vagina of one and the vagina/uterus of the other. One (50.0%) of the colonized animals was not pregnant while the other had only 2 lit...