Papers by Yury Makarov
Lomonosov Philology Journal. Series 9. Philology, 2024
In this article, we discuss the conclusions of the project on digitizing and translating the Hist... more In this article, we discuss the conclusions of the project on digitizing and translating the Historical-Etymological dictionary of Ossetic by V.I. Abaev, which has been carried out by the authors since 2020. The entries of the original include information of several kinds: Russian translations of an Ossetic word, related examples, usage and etymological notes. The etymological notes are usually free-form texts with a large number of cited forms from other languages (cognates, loanword sources, etc.). We argue for maximal preservation and thorough encoding of this information when creating a digital database. The optimal format for such purposes is XML markup, more specifically its variant intended for annotating text documents, TEI (Text Encoding Initiative, https://tei-c.org/). For digitizing the dictionary, we created a modification of this markup language, a module for Oxygen XML Editor, and a set of CSS files that ensure maximum similarity between our layout and the original. The same combination of XML and CSS allows generating the print version of the dictionary using the Prince typesetting system (https://www. princexml.com/) without any additional processing. For ease of search and access, we suggest supplementing the XML sources with a relational database automatically created from the lexical entries. In our project, this database serves as the source for the online interface of the dictionary (https://ossetic.iranic.space), powered by the OnLex platform [Makarov et al. 2022]. Hence, the project combines the features of several database types, which fully corresponds to the multi-faceted character of the original dictionary. We hope that our experience can be used for other digital lexicographic projects.
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«…Вперёд и вверх по лестнице звучащей». Сборник статей к 80-летию Ольги Фёдоровны Кривновой, 2023
In these notes, we would like to draw attention to the extremely rich and diverse system of vocal... more In these notes, we would like to draw attention to the extremely rich and diverse system of vocalic and consonantal alternations attested in the Shughni language. We will consider only the Shughni material (as best documented to date), although the phenomena under consideration are in most cases characteristic of other Pamir languages and can be considered their common feature. The peculiar systems of alternations of the Pamir languages, of course, are of considerable interest not only for Iranian studies, but also for areal typology and for that part of the general theory of language that deals with the interaction of morphology and phonology (or, as it is fashionable to say now, interface problems). //
В настоящих заметках мы хотели бы привлечь внимание к чрезвычайно богатой и разнообразной системе вокалических и консонантных чередований, засвидетельствованных в шугнанском языке. Мы ограничимся только шугнанским материалом (как наилучшим образом документированным на сегодняшний день), хотя рассматриваемые явления в большинстве случаев характерны и для других памирских языков и могут считаться их общей чертой. Своеобразные системы чередований памирских языков, безусловно, представляют значительный интерес не только для иранистики, но и для ареальной типологии и для той части общей теории языка, которая занимается взаимодействием морфологии и фонологии (или, как сейчас модно говорить, проблематикой интерфейса).
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Thesis Chapters by Yury Makarov
Цель работы — с использованием методов акустического анализа звучащей речи описать реализацию взр... more Цель работы — с использованием методов акустического анализа звучащей речи описать реализацию взрывных согласных шугнанского языка в начальной и конечной позициях.
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Conference Papers by Yury Makarov
Lexicography and Semantics. Proceedings of the XXI EURALEX International Congress, 2024
The paper presents a New Serbian-Russian dictionary and the main principles of its development. W... more The paper presents a New Serbian-Russian dictionary and the main principles of its development. We use the most recent explanatory dictionary of Serbian, published by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2018, as a starting point. However, we refine both the word list and the entry structure to meet the requirements of a bilingual edition. We consult text corpora of modern Serbian to check frequencies and define contexts of word usage. The paper describes the criteria for word list formation, discusses the problem of lexical equivalence in closely related languages, and articulates our guidelines for representing polysemy. The dictionary will be published in both traditional print format and as a website. The digital version will be implemented using the OnLex platform; we detail its functionality and highlight the new possibilities it offers to editors and potential users.
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Proceedings of ISSP 2024, 2024
In this paper, I argue that palatography is a highly informative tool despite its apparent simpli... more In this paper, I argue that palatography is a highly informative tool despite its apparent simplicity. The paper begins with an overview of the evolution of palatography, highlighting its intricate detail and variations. Following this, various techniques of palatography are introduced, along with associated challenges, which partly question established views. Subsequently, I suggest linguistic applications of palatography, focusing on its potential to describe place of articulation and inform phonological typology. Moreover, I propose that the inclusion of palatographic data in linguistic accounts can explain contact-induced changes in phonological systems and intra- and inter-speaker articulatory variation. This proposition is supported by a preliminary panel study of a Shughni speaker who demonstrated changes in articulation over one year.
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19th Conference on Laboratory Phonology (LabPhon 19), 2024
Although research into final laryngeal neutralisation has yielded significant results in terms of... more Although research into final laryngeal neutralisation has yielded significant results in terms of possible scenarios of neutralisation and acoustic correlates of voicing, there are still problems to be addressed. Firstly, the majority of data discussed in the literature concerns major European languages such as English or German. While these languages are of course worth studying, the typological investigation of laryngeal features would benefit from bringing data from lesser-resourced languages, potentially exploiting different means of signalling underlying laryngeal features. Secondly, some studies, do not clearly distinguish between the significance of some acoustic event in production and perception. Nevertheless, it is well known that the former does not necessarily result in the latter. For instance, in German, unlike in English, differences in preceding vowel duration are significant only in production. The proposed study aims to deal with these issues by describing final laryngeal neutralisation in Shughni, a minor language of Pamir, as well as suggesting a methodology for investigating this process in both production and perception.
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Minor languages in general linguistics, 2024
This is a sketch of what is important to consider before starting research in voicing. The first ... more This is a sketch of what is important to consider before starting research in voicing. The first part of the abstract is dedicated to methodological issues, which include making recordings and choosing the proper elicitation strategy. The other part concentrates on analysing the phonetic data and drawing phonological conclusions.
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Aspiration does not help identify the voicing of final plosives in Shughni, although significant ... more Aspiration does not help identify the voicing of final plosives in Shughni, although significant differences in its duration and intensity exist between the two series of plosives in production. Such discord is unexpected: why keep so big a difference in production if it is useless in perception?
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1-ая Международная научно-образовательная конференция «Пейсиковские чтения: проблемы современного академического востоковедения»: материалы конференции, 2023
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Dvadtsataja Konferentsija po tipologii i grammatike dlja molodykh issledovatelej. Tezisy dokladov, 2023
While the majority of the strength-related phenomena discussed in the literature seem to be conce... more While the majority of the strength-related phenomena discussed in the literature seem to be concerned with consonants, I believe that defining phonological strength requires evidence from vocalic processes as well. In this paper, I highlight some examples of vowel lowering in final position, which are analysed as evidence in favour of the sonority-based approach to phonological strength.
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20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2023), 2023
Final Shughni plosives tend to be released and aspirated, at least in citation forms. Data from 1... more Final Shughni plosives tend to be released and aspirated, at least in citation forms. Data from 14 Shughni speakers showed that underlyingly voiced plosives have a shorter period of aspiration, and its intensity is weaker compared to that of voiceless ones. Although sometimes neutralized with regard to closure voicing, the contrast may be maintained by means of final aspiration length and intensity. Nevertheless, typological accounts do not usually treat these two characteristics as potential acoustic cues to underlying voicing in final position, and this study gives evidence that final aspiration length and intensity should be added to the list (cf. such cues as the duration of closure and preceding vowel, closure voicing, and F1 frequency). Moreover, possible implications for languages with final aspiration (like Kashmiri) are discussed.
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Detailed descriptions of Shughni phonotactics are scarce. It does not come as a surprise: not onl... more Detailed descriptions of Shughni phonotactics are scarce. It does not come as a surprise: not only Shughni (an Iranian language spoken in the Pamir Mountains) has a relatively small number of speakers (ca. 100,000) but up until recently, no databases were facilitating phonological research on it. Now that pamiri.online, a website on Pamir languages, has been developed, new data can be used for studying the sound patterns of Shughni. This paper illustrates how pamiri.online can be employed to update and enhance the descriptions of Shughni phonotactics.
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In this paper, I describe whether Shughni /q/ can be spirantized and discuss probable means of th... more In this paper, I describe whether Shughni /q/ can be spirantized and discuss probable means of the adaptation of loanwords containing etymological /q/. Although only scarce examples are available for some patterns of borrowing, I propose that /q/ is adopted as /χ/ in word-final qC clusters, while other contexts do not usually trigger spirantization. There are also remarkable strategies of avoiding uvular lenition, including metathesis, paragoge and word-medial epenthesis.
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In this paper, I provide data on the articulation of Shughni coronals such as /d/ and /s/ as well... more In this paper, I provide data on the articulation of Shughni coronals such as /d/ and /s/ as well as on Shughni velar /x/ obtained from two young speakers (which is, of course, a serious limitation). Some researchers describe the place of articulation of Shughni coronals as dental (/t d n r ʦ ʣ s z θ ð l/ from Edelman & Dodykhudoeva, 2009); others shorten the number of dentals to just four: /t d θ ð/ (Olson, 2017); /ʦ ʣ s z n r l/ are said to be alveolar. My results suggest that /d/ and /s/ are alveolar. As for /x/, which is notably hissing, Sokolova (1953) proposed that its unusual production is due to the grooved shape of the tongue. On the other hand, some scholars claimed that hissing results from the front constriction made by the tip of the tongue. My data give no evidence in support of either of these hypotheses.
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Conference on Typology and Grammar for Young Scholars, Nov 24, 2022
My research has shown that final plosives in Shughni are generally devoiced and released word-fin... more My research has shown that final plosives in Shughni are generally devoiced and released word-finally. Nevertheless, this neutralization is incomplete since the preceding vowel is significantly longer before an underlyingly voiced segment than before a voiceless one [Makarov 2022]. As far as I know, degree of aspiration has not yet been treated as an acoustic cue to underlying voicing, but the Shughni data suggest that this is, in fact, another way to maintain the opposition between two different phonemes which have been (incompletely) neutralized word-finally.
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Студенческая конференция Института лингвистики РГГУ (СКИЛ-2022), 2022
Целью исследования было охарактеризовать шугнанские начальные взрывные с точки зрения категорий V... more Целью исследования было охарактеризовать шугнанские начальные взрывные с точки зрения категорий VOT, а также определить влияние открытости гласного, места образования согласного и ударности слога на количество придыхания.
The purpose of this research was to describe the VOT of the initial plosives in Shughni and then, identify if there was any influence of vowel height, consonant place of articulation and stress.
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Proceedings of The Workshop on Resources and Technologies for Indigenous, Endangered and Lesser-resourced Languages in Eurasia within the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2022
This paper describes the Shughni Documentation Project consisting of the Online Shughni Dictionar... more This paper describes the Shughni Documentation Project consisting of the Online Shughni Dictionary, morphological analyzer, orthography converter, and Shughni corpus. The online dictionary has not only basic functions such as finding words but also facilitates more complex tasks. Representing a lexeme as a network of database sections makes it possible to search in particular domains (e.g., in meanings only), and the system of labels facilitates conditional search queries. Apart from this, users can make search queries and view entries in different orthographies of the Shughni language and send feedback in case they spot mistakes. Editors can add, modify, or delete entries without programming skills via an intuitive interface. In future, such website architecture can be applied to creating a lexical database of Iranian languages. The morphological analyzer performs automatic analysis of Shughni texts, which is useful for linguistic research and documentation. Once the analysis is complete, homonymy resolution must be conducted so that the annotated texts are ready to be uploaded to the corpus. The analyzer makes use of the orthographic converter, which helps to tackle the problem of spelling variability in Shughni, a language with no standard literary tradition.
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Book Reviews by Yury Makarov
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Voprosy Yazykoznaniya, 2022
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Papers by Yury Makarov
В настоящих заметках мы хотели бы привлечь внимание к чрезвычайно богатой и разнообразной системе вокалических и консонантных чередований, засвидетельствованных в шугнанском языке. Мы ограничимся только шугнанским материалом (как наилучшим образом документированным на сегодняшний день), хотя рассматриваемые явления в большинстве случаев характерны и для других памирских языков и могут считаться их общей чертой. Своеобразные системы чередований памирских языков, безусловно, представляют значительный интерес не только для иранистики, но и для ареальной типологии и для той части общей теории языка, которая занимается взаимодействием морфологии и фонологии (или, как сейчас модно говорить, проблематикой интерфейса).
Thesis Chapters by Yury Makarov
Conference Papers by Yury Makarov
The purpose of this research was to describe the VOT of the initial plosives in Shughni and then, identify if there was any influence of vowel height, consonant place of articulation and stress.
Book Reviews by Yury Makarov
В настоящих заметках мы хотели бы привлечь внимание к чрезвычайно богатой и разнообразной системе вокалических и консонантных чередований, засвидетельствованных в шугнанском языке. Мы ограничимся только шугнанским материалом (как наилучшим образом документированным на сегодняшний день), хотя рассматриваемые явления в большинстве случаев характерны и для других памирских языков и могут считаться их общей чертой. Своеобразные системы чередований памирских языков, безусловно, представляют значительный интерес не только для иранистики, но и для ареальной типологии и для той части общей теории языка, которая занимается взаимодействием морфологии и фонологии (или, как сейчас модно говорить, проблематикой интерфейса).
The purpose of this research was to describe the VOT of the initial plosives in Shughni and then, identify if there was any influence of vowel height, consonant place of articulation and stress.