Department of Hydrology and Water Resources

The plant canopy-atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2), energy and water vapor, is of prime importance in the study of plant biometeorology. Estimation of the surface flux of water vapor, or latent heat flux (LE) is of particular significance for crop water use and for daily to monthly crop water management (Suvočarev et. al., 2014; Wilson et. al., 2002). Several methods have become commonly available for estimation of evapotranspiration and the other fluxes including (net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), soil heat flux (G), and latent heat flux (LE)). Evapotranspiration can be estimated by systems such as EC, Bowen ratio (BR), and lysimeter. The most reliable and direct method is the EC, however, it required complex operation and is expensive to implement by farmers on a regular basis for irrigation management (Hu et. al., 2018; Buttar et. al., 2018; Kustas, et. al., 1999). To overcome these difficulties researchers were always looking for methods, which could replace...

The effect of temperature on bio-hydrogen production by co-digestion of sewerage sludge with food waste and its two derivatives, i.e. noodle waste and rice waste, was investigated by statistical modelling. Experimental results showed that increasing temperature from mesophilic (37 °C) to thermophilic (55 °C) was an effective mean for increasing bio-hydrogen production from food waste and noodle waste, but it caused a negative impact on bio-hydrogen production from rice waste. The maximum cumulative bio-hydrogen production of 650 mL was obtained from noodle waste under mesophilic temperature condition. Most of the production was observed during 48 h of incubation that continued till 72 h of incubation, and a decline in pH during this interval was 4.3 and 4.4 from a starting value of 7 under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. Most of glucose consumption was also observed during 72 h of incubation and the maximum consumption was observed during the first 24 h, which ...

Today’s ecology is erected with miscellaneous framework. However, numerous sources deteriorate it, such as urban rivers that directly cause the environmental pollution. For chemical pollution abatement from urban water bodies, many techniques were introduced to rehabilitate the water quality of these water bodies. In this research, Bacterial Technology (BT) was applied to urban rivers escalating the necessity to control the water pollution in different places (Xuxi River (XXU); Gankeng River (GKS); Xia Zhang River (XZY); Fenghu and Song Yang Rivers (FSR); Jiu Haogang River (JHH)) in China. For data analysis, the physiochemical parameters such as temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) were determined before and after the treatment. Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) method was used for relative significance of different water quality on each station, based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP). The...

To protect against the environmental pollution, the present research was undertaken to enumerate the Bacterial Technologies (BTs) on the restoration of polluted urban rivers, that is, Fenghu-Song Yang River (FSR) and Xuxi River (XXR). Experimental research accounted for the physiochemical parameters (pH; temperature; dissolved oxygen (DO); chemical oxygen demand (COD); total phosphorus (TP); total nitrogen (TN); and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 N)) before and after the BT operation. The results declared that the BT is efficient to restore the polluted rivers up to reliable condition. These results were analyzed by using multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA)). These techniques interpreted the complex data sets and expressed the point source information about the water quality of these rivers at SA5, SA6, and SB3 under highly polluted regions. For better understanding, water quality index (WQI) was applied to compute the single num...

The challenging impact of drought to agricultural productivity requires the adoption of mitigation strategies with a better understanding of underlying mechanisms responsible for drought tolerance. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of sulfur-based fertilizers on mitigation of drought stress in sunflower. Sulfate-containing fertilizers, viz., ammonium sulfate, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and gypsum, were initially evaluated at two different rates (10 and 20 mg kg−1 soil equivalent to 20 and 40 kg ha−1, respectively) for nutrient uptake and growth-promoting traits in sunflower seedlings (cv. Hysun-33). The best performing fertilizer (gypsum) was then selected to evaluate the response of sunflower under drought stress imposed at flowering stage for three weeks (25–30% water holding capacity). Results indicated significant amelioration of drought stress with higher activity of photosynthetic apparatus, upregulation of antioxidative enzymes, and...

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through the Hunza River basin of Pakistan. The current study investigates the creation and effects of end moraine, supra-glacial, and barrier lakes by field visits and remote sensing techniques along the CPEC in the Hunza River basin. The surging and moraine type glaciers are considered the most dangerous type of glaciers that cause Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the study basin. It can be concluded from the 40 years observations of Karakoram glaciers that surge-type and non-surge-type glaciers are not significantly different with respect to mass change. The recurrent surging of Khurdopin Glacier resulted in the creation of Khurdopin Glacial Lake in the Shimshal valley of the Hunza River basin. Such glacial lakes offer main sources of freshwater; however, when their dams are suddenly breached and water drained, catastrophic GLOFs appear and pose a great threat to people and infrastructure in downstream areas. This situation...

The forecasting plays key role for the water resources planning. Most suitable technique is Artificial intelligence techniques (AITs) for different parameters of weather forecasting and generated runoff. The study compared AITs (RBF-SVM and M5 model tree) to understand the rainfall runoff process in Jhelum River Basin, Pakistan. The rainfall and runoff of Jhelum river used from 1981 to 2012. The Different rainfall and runoff dataset combinations were used to train and test AITs. The data record for the period 1981–2001 used for training and then testing. After training and testing, modeled runoff and observed data was evaluated using R2, NRMSE, COE and MSE. During the training, the dataset C2 and C3 were found to be 0.71 for both datasets using M5 model. Similar results were found for dataset of C3 using RBF-SVM. Over all, C3 and C7 were performed best among all the dataset. The M5 model tree was performed better than other applied techniques. GEP has also exhibited good results to ...

Agriculture is the economic backbone of Pakistan. 67% of country’s population resides in rural areas and primarily depends on agriculture. Pakistan's soils are poor in OM and have a low C : N ratio, and the overall fertility status is insufficient to support increased crop yields. Compost is an excellent alternative solution for improving soil OM content. However, this excellent alternative supply in Pakistan has yet to be used. Mass volumes of leaves, grass clippings, plant stalks, vines, weeds, twigs, and branches are burned daily. In this study, different compost piles (P1, P2, and P3) of compost were made using different agricultural and animal waste combinations to assess temperature, pH, and NPK. Results revealed that P3 demonstrated the most successful composting procedure. The temperature and pH levels throughout the composting process were determined in a specified range of 42–45oC and 6.1–8.3, respectively. Total nitrogen content ranged from 81.5 to 2175 ppm in farm co...

Under the climate change, the emission of Green house gases (GHG) like CO 2 and CH 4 from artificial reservoirs, especially, in tropics are resulting in the global warming. The CO 2 and CH 4 in hydropower reservoirs is produced due to decomposition of organic matter at the bottom. To find out relationship between CO 2 /CH 4 emissions and water quality, 10 water quality parameters viz. temp, DO, COD, TDS, pH, TP, nitrite, phosphate, total alkalinity, conductivity measured in site I & site II of Oyun reservoir of Nigeria were collected from the literature. The analysis indicated that CO 2 emissions from the reservoir were, mainly, affected by pH, alkalinity and DO. CH 4 emissions are not found due to shallow nature of reservoir. It is also found that if the number of water quality parameter decreases, the value of R 2 also decreases. A deeper analysis of the relationship between the different parameters and GHG emissions using mini tab software and the multiple regression revealed that the R 2 >0.9 for site 1 and R 2 >0.8 for site II indicates that these correlations could be tentatively used to predict the emissions from Oyun reservoir in the future.

Surha Lake is an important oxbow lake, lies in the area of Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary located in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh (U.P), India. It is a major source of water of livelihood of huge populations. Therefore, the present study (2006-08) aims to classify the water quality of the lake using CPI and NSFWQI, based on physiochemical parameters like DO, BOD, COD etc. Pearson's correlation matrix was evaluated to find possible interrelations among assessed water quality parameters. The average CPI was found as 0.98, 1.11 and 1.16 in year 2006, 2007 and 2008 whereas NSFWQI were found as 47.25, 49 and 49.88 respectively. The results indicate that the water quality is polluted and the consistently rising from slight to moderate during 2006-08, due to increased input of domestic waste and agricultural runoff from the lake catchments. Therefore, the lake water is not suitable for drinking, bathing and other life supporting activity.