Papers by Evangelia Anastasopoulou
SUMMARY The purpose of the present work is to highlight serious problems resulting from the class... more SUMMARY The purpose of the present work is to highlight serious problems resulting from the classification processes in the five grade quality scale as the EU Directive (2000/60/EC) requires concerning water and especially river ecosystems. We were led in this study upon the ascertainment of an imbalance which appeared at regular intervals by the various research programs being elaborated in Greece. Thus, after an experience which originated from studies conducted in hundreds of sampling stations, in different river types, in all seasons of the year and from contemplating the impact of different types of pollutants and especially the issue of reference conditions, the need for a different approach in the area of classification was revealed. Therefore, using this data and taking into account various parameters such as biodiversity, especially macroinvertebrate fauna, chemical and physico-chemical characteristics and of course hydro-morphology, we recognize and focus on the problem, wherein the weak points are being highlighted and subsequently a number of concrete solutions are being proposed. Of course, it should be taken into consideration seriously, that an undisturbed system and specifically an undisturbed river is a difficult concept, since from ancient times the modifications and arrangements of the rivers were a common phenomenon, which was accompanied by a variety of environmental descriptions. This procedure was essential and concerned human health, a regime that also applies today as it is evidenced by the recordings of various environmental conditions and extreme climatic events in conjunction with the various pollution loads.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (December 2011), Dec 2011
The present work reports on recent biodiversity records of Mediterranean native species such as O... more The present work reports on recent biodiversity records of Mediterranean native species such as Olindias phosphorica in the Turkish Aegean Sea and extended distribution of ten alien species in the Mediterranean. These are: Bursatella leachi (Mollusca, Gastropoda: Algeria); Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea, Decapoda: Greek Ionian Sea); Caprella scaura (Crustacea, Amphipoda: Mar Piccolo of Taranto);
Fistularia commersonii (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); Sphoeroides pachygaster (Fish: South Turkey); Musculista perfragilis (Mollusca, Bivalvia: South Turkey); Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Mollusca, Cephalopoda: central eastern coast of Tunisia); Hesionura serrata (Polychaeta: Apulian coast); Stephanolepis diaspros (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); and Parvocalanus crassirostris (Crustacea, Copepoda: Lesvos Island, Greek Aegean Sea).
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
It is universally acknowledged that in recent centuries the enormous demographic figures and the ... more It is universally acknowledged that in recent centuries the enormous demographic figures and the rapid industrial and agricultural growth, created huge environmental problems especially in the aquatic sector, where the demands for quantity but above all for quality are continuously growing. Thus, within the last state requirements various evaluation systems of water quality were developed in the recent decades. The most basic method, chemical analysis of water, is now supplemented by other parameters such as classification with various biotic components, especially with macroinvertebrate fauna, but also with hydromorphological elements. In this study chemical and biotic data (macroinvertebrates) were taken into account from stations close to the estuaries of the rivers, Neda and Arcadian, in the western part of Messinia (Peloponnese), where at each sampling site, coordinates were determined by a GPS device. The collection of benthic invertebrates was performed with the AQEM-STAR method, which is based on the theory of multihabitats. Sorting and identification of the collected organisms was conducted both in the laboratory and in the field, while for the export of biotic indices, which classify the ecosystem under the relevant EU Directive 2000/60/EU, the ASTERISC program was used. In addition, for the chemical and physicochemical classification various physico-chemical parameters were taken into consideration such as TDS, conductivity, current velocity, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH and salinity, all of which were measured in situ by the use of the appropriate portable instruments. Also, water samples were analysed in the laboratory where, after filtration through 0.45 μm membrane filters, conventional pollution parameters (total nitrogen, total phosphorous, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, and ammonia), hydrochemical variables (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SiO2, K+, HCO3-, total hardness, etc) and major ions (magnesium, sulphate, calcium, chloride, sodium, and potassium) were determined. Finally, the method of River Habitat Survey was applied, which captures the natural character of the river, out of the results obtained like the Habitat Quality Assessment and the Habitat Modification Score. The results, as it was expected, exhibited variations between seasons, while significant charge was recorded during the operation of olive oil mills throughout the winter. Furthermore, the direct impact from the various pollutants on the benthic fauna is clearly distinguishable, since biodiversity reacts immediately to pollution loads, as well as to hydro-morphology changes.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), a polluting by-product of olive oil production process, is an impor... more Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), a polluting by-product of olive oil production process, is an important environmental problem in many Mediterranean areas where huge quantities are annually being produced in short periods of time. The physical and chemical characteristics of these wastes vary significantly, depending on the extraction procedure but the effects on the ecosystems are very harmful due to the elevated toxicity of the wastewaters that poses a significant pollution risk for aquatic bodies. Messinia, located in Peloponnese at the southern part of Greece, is the second olive oil production area in Greece, yielding large amounts of olives and olive oil. 21% of the Messinian land is covered by olive trees. During the last decade around 1.400.000 tons of OMWW has disposed in the rivers of Messinia and finally entered the marine ecosystem of Messiniakos Gulf. In this paper the pollution of the five main rivers (Aris, Belikas, Epis, Nedon and Pamisos) of Messinia and the coastal zone of Messiniakos Gulf and its effects, were studied in the period of 2008-2010 before, during and after the olive oil production period. The results obtained could be a useful tool in defining guidelines for olive oil producers and local authorities, aiming to reduce the pollution of the water ecosystems. Although those rivers are also influenced by other polluting activities, OMWW mainly disturb the functioning of the ecosystem. Rather elevated amounts of phenols (36.2 – 178 mg/L) and high concentrations of ammonium (7.29 – 18.9 mM) and inorganic phosphorus (0.5 – 7.48mM) were measured in small streams where the liquid disposals from several olive oil industries were gathered. These streams were located up to 1 Km far from the olive oil industries and the analysis of the wastes indicated that it contains high quantity of phenols, potentially dangerous for the environment and that it is also rich in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. The coastal zone of Messiniakos gulf influenced by the rivers showed high nutrient concentrations. Additionally, trace metals concentrations increased downstream. The estuaries of Messiniakos gulf are not enriched in Pb and Ni, but they seem to be significant enriched in Mn, Zn and Fe. It seems that olive oil wastewaters probably enrich the coastal zone of Messiniakos gulf mainly in Mn and Fe. Toxicity tests using 24h LC50 Palaemonidea shrimp confirm that OMWW possess very high toxicity in the aquatic environment. The characterization of the water quality of the rivers based on a nutrient classification system, showed temporal as well as spatial variability related to the temporal hydrological variations, the environmental characteristics and the anthropogenic pressures.
Keywords: Olive Oil, Olive mill wastewater, Heavy metals, Nutrients, Phenols, toxicity, Palaemonidea shrimp, Messinia.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Abstract.
It is more than necessary to examine the issue of climate change and the connection th... more Abstract.
It is more than necessary to examine the issue of climate change and the connection that it has with the tremendous demand of mineral fuels in the last decades. It is also a necessity to examine thoroughly the alternatives that we have, like the use of biofuels, and to point out both the advantages and disadvantages of their use in order to define the conditions that should be applied for the minimisation of the effect of greenhouse emissions and thus to minimise the phenomenon of climate change. Biofuels are able to cover a small percentage of the energetic needs of the planet's population, do not charge the atmosphere with carbon dioxide emissions but they should not be cultivated in fertile lands. The aims of the present study were the following: to clarify the main factors of climate change from the formation of our planet until today; to understand how the greenhouse effect works; to explain the connection between the greenhouse effect and biofuels; to examine the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels; to define under which conditions the use of biofuels could be an efficient proposal, and to connect this issue with the educational procedure. THE MAin FAcTorS oF cliMATE cHAnGE As it is already known the conditions on the surface of the earth do not remain constant from its formation, 4.6 billion years ago, until today. The main factors of climate change during the last millions of years are the following 1,2 : I. The phenomenon of spreading and shrinkage of the glaciers, as a consequence of the periodic freezing and warming of the planet, which is due to the periodic alteration of the eccentricity of the orbit rotation of the earth (circles of Milankovic).
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In order to control logging, analysis of pressures and pollution loads as well as their impact on... more In order to control logging, analysis of pressures and pollution loads as well as their impact on the quality of river water, various quality assessment systems have been developed over the past decades. In this paper we consider such tools and methods for calculating quality with a special emphasis on monitoring as the European Directive of 2000/60/EU requires. As an indicative ecosystem for this purpose River Arkadikos was chosen, which is located at the western part of Messinia Prefecture and flows into the Kyparissiakos Gulf. The river basin of Arkadikos covers an area of 183.7 km 2 , while the altitude ranges from 0 m το 1.225m, with an average altitude of 409.3m. Hilly and semi-mountainous terrains predominate with a percentage of 63.1% and 18.2% respectively, while plain terrain is reached at a percentage of 13.8%. Mountainous terrain is found only in 4.9%. The hydrographic network in the southern part of the basin is mainly dendritic type, while in the northern part is primarily rectangular type. The basin exhibits an asymmetry with the development of a thicker and longer network to be located at the northern part compared to the southern part, while from the hydrographic network analysis after Strahler, it is indicated that Arkadikos River belongs to class 4 and its terrain slope ranges from 0 to 58.8, with an average slope of 12.3. From a geological point of view it is a neotectonic basin which is filled with post alpine sediments, surrounded by alpine configurations of the unity Olonos-Pindos. Key feature of the basin is its rural character, with significant areas though of natural vegetation, while abundant flora and fauna occurs as well as significant habitats and also two NATURA biotopes. In order to determine the concentration of Total Phenolic acids, the Folin-Ciocalteau method was used which is based on the oxidation of the hydroxy phenyl groups in an alkaline environment by a mixture of phosphowolframic and phosphomolybdate acid. The concentration levels of pesticide residues towards 90 active substances were examined, covering all the main types of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and biocides. Also certain trace metals were determined like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) etc. The following major anions Ca +2 , Mg +2 , K +1 , Na +1 , SO 4-1 , Cl-1 were measured, as well as NO 3-1 , (with ionic chromatography), NO 2-, PO 4 –3 , NH 4 + , Total P, Total N, Total P, SiO 2 , alkalinity (HCO3-1 , CO 3-2) and hardness. Physicochemical parameters were also determined and so did the concentrations of TOC and POC. Subsequently, the assessment method of river quality, RHS, using benthic macroinvertebrates, was applied in order to co-evaluate all these parameters. From the first results it is evident that the lower sections of the river are subjected to pressures and the degradation is intense during the winter period due to the great quantities of untreated olive oil mill waste waters that are spread in the environment and end up in the river. The system seems to recover during spring, where the pressures seem to be detected in the pesticides concentrations. In general, we conclude that a most complete picture arises by taking into account all the above tools and methods and not only one.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The Pamisos river basin, located at the southern part of Peloponnese, covers an area of 619 Km 2 ... more The Pamisos river basin, located at the southern part of Peloponnese, covers an area of 619 Km 2 and is the biggest riverine area in the Prefecture of Messinia. A key feature is its rural character, dominated by olive groves. A characteristic of a smaller river, Lygdou, which joints Pamisos River exactly before its estuaries, is the presence of an industrial zone within its catchment area. A great number of the active industries are located near the confluence with Pamisos River. Six sampling sites were established for nutrient analysis at the downstream portion and the estuaries of Pamisos River, and the stoichiometric nutrients balance was calculated. Nitrates were rather higher during the dry period while the concentration of ammonia was recorded higher during the wet period. The station of Lygdou seems to carry the highest load of almost all the nutrients, since extremely elevated values of phosphates , nitrates and ammonia were recorded, charging the estuaries of Pamisos River with considerable amounts of nutrients. The N:P ratio was found to be much higher than the theoretical value indicating that phosphorus is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth during the dry period. The results indicate that great quantities of both nitrogen and phosphorus are transferred through Pamisos River into the Messinian Gulf. The large agricultural areas present in combination with the great olive oil activity and the vast quantities of olive oil wastewaters generated annually are responsible for the enrichment of the ecosystem with these elements.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India, 2015
The wetland of Aghios Floros is located in the Prefecture of Messinia (S. W. Peloponnese, Greece)... more The wetland of Aghios Floros is located in the Prefecture of Messinia (S. W. Peloponnese, Greece) and occupies a small area, covered permanentlywith water. Flooding of the surrounding area is defended by an artificial channel that discharge large quantity of water into Pamisos River in whose river basin the Aghios Floros station belongs. At the sampling site various physico-chemical and conventional pollution parameters as well as hydrochemical variables were measured during the wet and the dry period of 2011. The hydromorphological and multihabitat approach of RIVPACS method was applied in situ, which gives an overall image of the landscape. The site was classified as 'Good' according to the Greek River Nutrient Classification System (GR.NCS) and the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna assemblages that dominated the area pointed out a 'Good' biological status as well. The biotic and abiotic sample processing, carried out in compliance with the demands of the Water Frame...
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Conference Presentations by Evangelia Anastasopoulou
The aim of this study is to present the fluctuations of macroinvertebrate fauna in erosion (lotic... more The aim of this study is to present the fluctuations of macroinvertebrate fauna in erosion (lotic) and deposition (lentic) zones, during the summer. Sianitis river is located in southeastern Aegean, in the island of Rhodes, its basin covers an area of 7,7km2, with mean slope 8,3%, is a perennial stream and geologically is characterized by limestone rocks. On river has constructed the dam of Apolakkia, in order to use the water bodies. At the river is found the endangered fish species Ladigesocypris ghigii, commonly gizani, which lives exclusively in fresh waters of Rhodes. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from the lotic and lentic zones, using the method RIVPACS, in summer. The taxa which exist in lotic zone is Oligochaeta (1%),Odonata (23%), Plecoptera (12%), Coleoptera (39%), Trichoptera (16%) and Diptera (10%), while those that appear in lentic zone is Gastropoda (5%), Ephemeroptera (16%), Heteroptera (1%), Diptera (39%), Odonata (9%), Plecoptera (7%), Coleoptera (14%) and Trichoptera (9%). The lentic zone is dominated by Chironomus sp, while the lotic is dominated by Elmis sp. The total number of taxa in the lotic zone is 22 and in the lentic zone is 37. Therefore in lentic zone is observed greater diversity and number of taxa in relation to the lotic zone due to the direct supply of food rich in organics and due to the stable and secure nature of the habitat.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The prefecture of Messinia is traversed by a major river system, Pamisos, which is the largest in... more The prefecture of Messinia is traversed by a major river system, Pamisos, which is the largest in size and capacity. Inside the catchment area of the river and its tributaries rich flora and fauna are met, important biotopes and one of the main collective irrigation networks in the prefecture. The river is located in the southwestern part of Peloponnese, its basin covers an area of 618.8 km 2 , its address is north-south and plane to slightly inclined terrain prevails (32.0%). Olive groves and agricultural land predominate, whereas a major source of pollution is considered to be the return to the territories and the underground aquifer of the spent irrigation water, which is contaminated by pesticides and fertilizers. The irrigation network of Pamiso's river dam covers an area of 25,000 acres. The present study investigated the effects on the macroinvertebrate community due to the fluctuation of the water supply at Pamiso's dam. The station was classified as semi-natural according to the Habitat Modification Score, as it resulted from the application of River Habitat Survey. Over the samplings of benthic macroinvertebrates, during January and June of 2013, the amended AQEM Protocol was applied and the following biological indicators were determined STAR ICMi, BMWP, IBMWP (Spanish Version) and ASPT. After the identification of the macroinvertebrates it was revealed that the biological status of the station ranged from 'Poor' to 'Bad' in January of 2013 while during the dry season it was classified as " Moderate " subject to all indicators. The station was classified as " Poor " both during the wet and the dry period of 2011. The great fluctuation of the water supply has probably caused a permanent damage to the macroinvertebrates community in the studied region.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Sediment analysis at four major rivers (Pamisos, Aris, Velikas and Nedon) and their estuaries tow... more Sediment analysis at four major rivers (Pamisos, Aris, Velikas and Nedon) and their estuaries towards heavy metals took place in the Prefecture of Messinia, Greece, during two sampling campaigns in 2008 and 2011. The main industrial activity in the region is the operation of 250 olive oil industries and the main problem concerning pollution derives from the vast quantities of olive mill waste waters that are being generated annually most of which is currently discharged in nearby streams. Chemical parameters such as phenols, total organic carbon and certain heavy metals were found to be strongly correlated with the wastes from the olive oil industries. Major and minor elements (heavy metals) were measured in riverine and estuarine sediments. In parallel heavy metals were determined in the olive waste from a local industry, using atomic absorption spectrometry, in order to correlate the results with the sediment analysis. Major and Minor elements were recorded based upon the total percentage of the sediment samples and in order to eliminate the grain size effect, the concentrations were normalized towards Al. A pollution indice, the sediment enrichment factor, was also calculated, the high values of which towards Cr are of particular interest. Additionally organic carbon and total phenolic compounds were determined in rivers and their estuaries. High concentrations of Chromium were recorded in River Aris sediment, which seems to be the most polluted. Relatively high concentrations of zinc were encountered at rivers Aris and Pamisos while the chromium load seems to be higher near the estuaries of the rivers. The olive mill waste water analysis confirmed the existence of chromium in the waste and extremely elevated values were also found at a nearby station where these wastes tend to accumulate for decades. In contrast the results from the Nedon River indicated that it is not affected, since the low values found remained constant from the source of the river until its outfall in the Messinian Gulf. A significant enrichment in phenolic content of sediments as well in organic carbon was observed in 2011 when compared to 2008, in most of the cases, indicating degradation of the study aquatic ecosystems of Messinia Prefecture.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The production of olive oil has been of paramount importance from the ancient years until today i... more The production of olive oil has been of paramount importance from the ancient years until today in the Mediterranean region which is responsible for the 97% of the worldwide production. Around 80-84% of this production belongs to European countries where Greece (402.703tn/year) is the third in a row after Spain (890.100tn/year) and Italy (614.950tn/year). In the study area, Messinia – South Peloponnese, quantities of the order of 50.000 tn are annually produced, mainly from three phase olive oil industries, which correspond to the production of 250.000 tn of olive oil mill waste waters. According to the literature from 100kg of olive fruit 100-120lt of omww are generated. In this study the physicochemical status of river Epis, which is located at the western, most productive part of Messinia, is connected for the first time to the composition of these wastes. River Epis receives great quantities of untreated olive oil mill waste waters annually coming from nearby industries. Chemical parameters such as phenols, ammonium, nitrites, phosphates and certain heavy metals that have been in the past identified to be present in the waste were recorded during and after three olive oil production periods in the water column. High concentration of phenols (414μg/l, 12/2010) and considerable amounts of ammonia (9,5μΜ) were recorded before the estuaries of the river during December of 2010, where olive oil production reaches a peak. It is worth mentioning that the coastal area was also charged with phenols during December (96μg/l) while in the springs of the river a much lower concentration was recorded (1,7μg/l). The N:P ratio was greater (25) than the theoretical value (16:1) implying an input of inorganic nitrogen into the gulf. Total organic carbon was also found higher than the other rivers studied. Concerning the concentrations of trace metals the mean Mn concentration in the water body of Epis was found to be 72.46μg/l, during three productive periods, while much lower concentrations were recorded in other rivers studied (8.9-34μg/l). An extreme Mn value (486μg/l) was recorded during December of 2008 in the water column and rather elevated values of Ni and Cu were also detected at the same period. The sediment analysis confirmed the ecosystem's enrichment in trace metals. Calculating the sediment enrichment factor (SEF) towards Al we observed high values for Mn and Cr and rather elevated values for Ni and Cu. Furthermore, olive oil wastes contain high quantity of phenols (0,5-8g/l), high C.O.D. values (up to 170g/l) and appreciable amounts of certain trace metals. Taking into account that the coastal areas consist one of the most mercurial ecosystems, special attention should be given in the riverine area of Epis.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Περίληψη Η μέθοδος εκτίμησης της ποιότητας των εσωτερικών υδάτων με τη χρήση βενθικών μακροασπονδ... more Περίληψη Η μέθοδος εκτίμησης της ποιότητας των εσωτερικών υδάτων με τη χρήση βενθικών μακροασπονδύλων είναι η επικρατέστερη σε ολόκληρο τον Ευρωπαϊκό χώρο και εφαρμόστηκε σε ένα ευρύ δίκτυο σταθμών δειγματοληψίας των ποταμών του Ν. Μεσσηνίας. Με την εφαρμογή της παραπάνω μεθόδου διαπιστώνεται η επίδραση των ρύπων στην αφθονία και τον αριθμό των οικογενειών των μακροασπονδύλων λαμβάνοντας υπόψη μεταξύ άλλων και τον αριθμό των εφημεροπτέρων, πλεκόπτερων και τριχόπτερων (ΕΡΤ), τα οποία χαρακτηρίζονται ως ευαίσθητα είδη. Τα δεδομένα των μακροασπονδύλων εισήχθησαν στο πρόγραμμα ASTERISC και υπολογίστηκε μεταξύ άλλων και ο πολυμετρικός δείκτης STAR_ICMi, ο οποίος ικανοποιεί πλήρως της απαιτήσεις της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο για τα Ύδατα. Από το δίκτυο των 19 σταθμών που μελετήθηκαν, τον Ιανουάριο 2011 μόνο 4 σταθμοί ταξινομήθηκαν στην Kαλή βιολογική κατάσταση, ενώ οι υπόλοιποι 15 σταθμοί, στους οποίους υπάρχει σημαντική επίδραση από ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες, ταξινομήθηκαν στην Μέτρια, Φτωχή ή στην Κακή κατάσταση. Αντίθετα την ξηρή περίοδο παρατηρήθηκε μια μικρή βελτίωση. Παρόλα αυτά η πλειοψηφία των σταθμών ταξινομείται διαχρονικά στην φτωχή κατάσταση. Λέξεις Κλειδιά: EPT, ποτάμια Μεσσηνίας, ταξινόμηση, ρύπανση Εισαγωγή Η εκτίμηση της οικολογικής ποιότητας στους ποταμούς αντανακλά την συνολική υποβάθμιση του συστήματος συμπεριλαμβάνοντας ρυπαντικές, ανθρωπογενείς, υδρολογικές και μορφολογικές πιέσεις και έχει αντικαταστήσει την "κλασική' εκτίμηση της ποιότητας η οποία στηριζόταν μέχρι τώρα μόνο στα φυσικοχημικά στοιχεία. Η εκτίμηση της οικολογικής κατάστασης πραγματοποιείται πλέον με συνδυασμό του προσδιορισμού της ποιότητας του νερού και των ενδιαιτημάτων προκειμένου να συνδεθούν οι φυσικές διεργασίες με ερμηνεύσιμες βιολογικές (Harper et al. 2000). Σήμερα, σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία για τα νερά (2000/60/ΕC) δίνεται έμφαση στα βιολογικά στοιχεία ενώ οι φυσικοχημικές παράμετροι ποιότητας του νερού εξακολουθούν να θεωρούνται απαραίτητες αλλά εξετάζονται σε συνδυασμό με τη μελέτη της βενθοπανίδας. Τα βενθικά μακροασπόνδυλα είναι το μοναδικό από τα βιολογικά στοιχεία Ποιότητας (BQE) με το οποίο συμμετείχε η Ελλάδα στην άσκηση διαβαθμονόμησης της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (Αρτεμιάδου 2007, European Commission (EC)
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Uploads
Papers by Evangelia Anastasopoulou
Fistularia commersonii (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); Sphoeroides pachygaster (Fish: South Turkey); Musculista perfragilis (Mollusca, Bivalvia: South Turkey); Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Mollusca, Cephalopoda: central eastern coast of Tunisia); Hesionura serrata (Polychaeta: Apulian coast); Stephanolepis diaspros (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); and Parvocalanus crassirostris (Crustacea, Copepoda: Lesvos Island, Greek Aegean Sea).
Keywords: Olive Oil, Olive mill wastewater, Heavy metals, Nutrients, Phenols, toxicity, Palaemonidea shrimp, Messinia.
It is more than necessary to examine the issue of climate change and the connection that it has with the tremendous demand of mineral fuels in the last decades. It is also a necessity to examine thoroughly the alternatives that we have, like the use of biofuels, and to point out both the advantages and disadvantages of their use in order to define the conditions that should be applied for the minimisation of the effect of greenhouse emissions and thus to minimise the phenomenon of climate change. Biofuels are able to cover a small percentage of the energetic needs of the planet's population, do not charge the atmosphere with carbon dioxide emissions but they should not be cultivated in fertile lands. The aims of the present study were the following: to clarify the main factors of climate change from the formation of our planet until today; to understand how the greenhouse effect works; to explain the connection between the greenhouse effect and biofuels; to examine the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels; to define under which conditions the use of biofuels could be an efficient proposal, and to connect this issue with the educational procedure. THE MAin FAcTorS oF cliMATE cHAnGE As it is already known the conditions on the surface of the earth do not remain constant from its formation, 4.6 billion years ago, until today. The main factors of climate change during the last millions of years are the following 1,2 : I. The phenomenon of spreading and shrinkage of the glaciers, as a consequence of the periodic freezing and warming of the planet, which is due to the periodic alteration of the eccentricity of the orbit rotation of the earth (circles of Milankovic).
Conference Presentations by Evangelia Anastasopoulou
Fistularia commersonii (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); Sphoeroides pachygaster (Fish: South Turkey); Musculista perfragilis (Mollusca, Bivalvia: South Turkey); Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Mollusca, Cephalopoda: central eastern coast of Tunisia); Hesionura serrata (Polychaeta: Apulian coast); Stephanolepis diaspros (Fish: Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea); and Parvocalanus crassirostris (Crustacea, Copepoda: Lesvos Island, Greek Aegean Sea).
Keywords: Olive Oil, Olive mill wastewater, Heavy metals, Nutrients, Phenols, toxicity, Palaemonidea shrimp, Messinia.
It is more than necessary to examine the issue of climate change and the connection that it has with the tremendous demand of mineral fuels in the last decades. It is also a necessity to examine thoroughly the alternatives that we have, like the use of biofuels, and to point out both the advantages and disadvantages of their use in order to define the conditions that should be applied for the minimisation of the effect of greenhouse emissions and thus to minimise the phenomenon of climate change. Biofuels are able to cover a small percentage of the energetic needs of the planet's population, do not charge the atmosphere with carbon dioxide emissions but they should not be cultivated in fertile lands. The aims of the present study were the following: to clarify the main factors of climate change from the formation of our planet until today; to understand how the greenhouse effect works; to explain the connection between the greenhouse effect and biofuels; to examine the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels; to define under which conditions the use of biofuels could be an efficient proposal, and to connect this issue with the educational procedure. THE MAin FAcTorS oF cliMATE cHAnGE As it is already known the conditions on the surface of the earth do not remain constant from its formation, 4.6 billion years ago, until today. The main factors of climate change during the last millions of years are the following 1,2 : I. The phenomenon of spreading and shrinkage of the glaciers, as a consequence of the periodic freezing and warming of the planet, which is due to the periodic alteration of the eccentricity of the orbit rotation of the earth (circles of Milankovic).