Donald Pate

... 233 9—13 Close-up of the osteoma 234 10-la Sacrum with partial bridging 237 10 —Ib Sacrum with neural tube variant 238 10—2 Six sacra with neural tube defect 238 10—3 Bregmatic meningocoele 242 10—4 Bony rim of the meningocoele 243 10-5 Cleft palate 245 10—6 ...

... 233 9—13 Close-up of the osteoma 234 10-la Sacrum with partial bridging 237 10 —Ib Sacrum with neural tube variant 238 10—2 Six sacra with neural tube defect 238 10—3 Bregmatic meningocoele 242 10—4 Bony rim of the meningocoele 243 10-5 Cleft palate 245 10—6 ...

ABSTRACT Tensions between constructions of nature and culture are increasingly relevant in the twenty-first century as natural environments near large population centres come under increasing pressure from developers. The western face of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, is a historically significant cultural landscape where, following European colonisation, landscape use transitioned between ‘cultural’ and ‘natural’ according to local economies and changing public perceptions. Historical and archaeological evidence for the evolution of this landscape illustrate the dichotomies between these changing landscape values and growing public appreciation of the aesthetic qualities of this ‘green’ backdrop to the city of Adelaide. During the 1960s and 1970s the South Australian Parliament passed legislation creating a Hills Face Zone to protect this region from urban development. This paper presents evidence why, fifty years later, this model for landscape management is increasingly relevant as world population growth and urban sprawl extend into natural environments.

Introduction The recent introduction of archaeology to the Australian university curriculum in the late 1940s and the rapid changes in archaeological theory and method that occurred worldwide during its establishment in academic institutions have resulted in major adjustments in course content and scope over the past 50 years. A curriculum that focused initially on classical archaeology and ancient history (Cambitoglou 1979; Mulvaney 1993; O’Hea 2000; Trendall 1979) was expanded to include prehistoric archaeology (Allen and O’Connell 1995; Flood 1999; Mulvaney 1969, 1971, 1990; Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999; Smith et al. 1993; Spriggs et al. 1993; White and O’Connell 1982), archaeological science (Ambrose and Duerden 1982; Ambrose and Mummery 1987; Fankhauser and Bird 1993; Pate 2000; Prescott 1988), historical archaeology (Birmingham 1976; Connah 1993; Murray and Allen 1986; Paterson and Wilson 2000), cultural heritage management (Bickford 1991; Egloff 1984; Flood 1993; Green 1996; McKinlay and Jones 1979; Smith 2000) and maritime archaeology (Green 1990; Henderson 1986; Hosty and Stuart 1994; McCarthy 1998; Staniforth 2000). More recent additions to the curriculum include the archaeology of contemporary human societies, i.e. modern material culture (Farmen 2005; Noble 1995) and forensic archaeology (Blau 2004; Pate 2003). The importance of cultural resource management (CRM) or cultural heritage management (CHM), as it is more commonly referred to in Australia, has increased significantly during this period resulting in a shift in primary archaeological employment from academia and museums to government and contract positions (Cleere 1984; Colley 2002; Cotter et al. 2001; Fowler 1982; McGimsey 1972; Pearson and Sullivan 1995; Schiffer and Gumerman 1977; Smith and Clarke 1996; Sullivan 1980; Zeder 1997).

The British colony of South Australia, established in 1836, offered a fresh start to migrants hoping for a better life. A cohort of settlers buried in a section of St Mary’s Anglican Church Cemetery (1847–1927) allocated for government funded burials was investigated to determine their health, with a focus on skeletal manifestations associated with metabolic deficiencies. Findings of St Mary’s sample were compared with those published for contemporary skeletal samples from two British cemeteries, St Martin’s, Birmingham, and St Peter’s, Wolverhampton, to explore similarities and differences. To investigate the changing economic background of the St Mary’s cohort, which may have influenced the location of their burial within the cemetery, the number and demographic profile of government funded burials and those in privately funded leased plots were compared. The study sample consisted of the skeletal remains of 65 individuals (20 adults, 45 subadults) from St Mary’s Cemetery ‘free gr...

Nineteenth century medical understanding of human metabolism was limited, therefore, the incidence of metabolic deficiencies was not fully recorded. In addition, the transition from agricultural based mode of life to the industrial one significantly changed the pattern of these metabolic deficiencies. They were further altered by colonisation of distant continents. Palaeopathological study of skeletal remains from the early industrialised colonial era allowed light to be shed on the metabolic stresses produced by this new mode of life. Aims of this study were to investigate manifestations of disease in skeletal remains from 65 (20 adults, 45 sub-adults) migrant settlers buried in the “free ground” of St Mary’s Anglican Church Cemetery (1847 to 1927). An area allocated for burials paid for by the South Australian Government. Skeletal manifestations were determined and interpreted in terms of their multiple aetiologies. Findings were compared with those published for two 19th century ...

For a long time historical research dismissed the account about King Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia's (reigned 220–163 BC) wife being unable to produce an offspring just as a defamatory explanation concocted by later writers to cover subtler political moves. Having palaeopathologically re-examined the biographical record of King Ariarathes IV in the light of a recently proposed diagnosis of thyroid goiter, by multidisciplinarily combining literary and artistic evidence with biomedical knowledge and rationale, this article proposes an endocrinologically originated sexual dysfunction in King Ariarathes IV and offers a new reading of the subsequent shaming of his spouse.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Adelaide Hills Face Cultural Heritage Project was established to research the cultural landscape of an area of the Adelaide Hills. Protected by legislation that has controlled development and agriculture in the area, the Hills Face Zone was found to be a relict colonial landscape where a diversity of archaeological features remained. It was possible through the project to trace a range of activities that had transformed the natural environment and created this new landscape. Some of these will be discussed in this article including: the logging industry, the creation of home and market gardens, experimental horticultural activities, and plant nurseries. Landscape learning was to play an important part in the transformation of the landscape, and it will be shown that the South Australian colonists had to find new sources of knowledge as the experience brought with them from England was to be of little use in South Australia.

As early as 1836 the first Surveyor-General to the new colony of South Australia, Colonel William Light, referred to the Mount Lofty Ranges as 'these enchanted hills' and since this time the symbiotic relationship between the Mount Lofty Ranges and the city of Adelaide has been highly ...

In 2003 historical (non-Aboriginal) human skeletal remains archaeologically excavated from St Mary’s Anglican Church cemetery in Adelaide, South Australia were reinterred in a concrete subterranean crypt. This paper examines preservation status following 15 years of interment. Skeletal remains placed in sealed plastic bags inside plastic curation boxes provided the best method to ensure physical and chemical preservation. Prefabricated concrete containers offer a cost-effective solution for the reburial of human skeletal remains associated with a range of archaeological contexts, including eroding burial sites, urban development sites, or those derived from earlier archaeological excavations. In relation to Indigenous burial sites, in cases where considered culturally appropriate, onsite crypts allow storage or repatriation of ancestral remains ‘on country’. Concrete crypts provide cultural heritage management professionals and Indigenous communities with stable, dry, long-term buri...

This review offers an overview of several devastating historical epidemics and pandemics. The first pandemic ravaging the Middle East and Ancient Egypt was an unidentified “plague” in the late Bronze Age. The plague of Athens was apparently “only” a local epidemic but with fatal consequences for that ancient democracy. Great empires with well-developed trade routes seem to be very susceptible to rapid and devastating spreads as the Antonine Plague, the Plague of Cyprian and the Justinian Plague testify. The great Medieval plague wave in Europe was absolutely devastating, but for the first time it brought along with it substantial containment measures that are still being successfully used today (e.g. isolation, quarantine) as well as the seeds of the development of a new form of medical theory and practice. The blame game that can be observed in the current COVID-19 pandemic has also been seen in previous epidemics and pandemics. Particularly in the case of syphilis, its origin was ...

In this paper we investigate the anthropological aspects of the ancient Egyptian mummy Cairo CG 61076 found in the royal cachette of Deir el-Bahari (DB 320) and labelled as “Baqt” by reassessing the published literature and photographs and producing a facial reconstruction for the first time.

Over the last decade, the chemical analysis of archaeological bone has emerged as a new method to address the dietary composition of past human populations. Paleodietary studies provide one means to obtain invaluable information regarding prehistoric intra- and inter-group behavioral differentiation.
Unlike other prehistoric archaeological data, materials recovered from the mortuary context provide access to individual behavior. The total elemental and isotopic composition of bone record quantitative signatures of long-term individual dietary intake. These dietary signatures provide one means to make inferences about differential access to resources in prehistoric societies. Archaeological bone chemistry data can be used to establish prehistoric access to subsistence resources from different marine and terrestrial ecosystems
by various individuals and territorial groups. The most reliable quantitative dietary information is derived from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in bone collagen. In contrast, in vivo elemental dietary signatures in bone mineral are obscured by postmortem chemical changes in the burial environment. Hence, accurate dietary inferences from inorganic bone apatite will depend on controls for these postmortem alterations.
Schiffer's recent treatise, Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record (1987), provides an explicit theoretical framework in which to address postmortem chemical changes in buried bone. Previous attempts to elucidate the nature of chemical interactions between
buried bone and associated soils have been limited by their use of l) simple diffusion models, and 2) total elemental soil composition or acid soluble extracts rather than the soluble and exchangeable ions available to solution under field conditions. Models addressing the fossilization process in bone must consider both ionic substitution and mineralization mechanisms of diagenesis. Current solubility profile techniques for the differentiation of biogenic and diagenetic chemical phases in fossil bone neglect ionic substitution. Ionic soil solution data from an arid-land South Australian archaeological site are presented to demonstrate the importance of such information to the development and testing of these predictive models.
The Roonka Flat Dune provides an excellent natural laboratory to address postmortem diagenesis in buried bone. The chemically homogenous sand dune was used as an Aboriginal burial ground during a major portion of the last 10,000 years. The ionically depleted soil solutions in this siliceous dune should limit both secondary mineralization and ionic substitution mechanisms of diagenesis. Thus, if bone mineral is ever expected to escape the ravages of postmortem chemical reactions this is one burial environment in which to test the null hypothesis. In order to address the various diagenetic mechanisms,
elemental ratios in the dune soil solutions were compared with those in rib bone from archaeological human skeletons and modern terrestrial mammal controls.
Even though significant diagenetic changes were not expected, the Roonka archaeological bone was enriched with Si, AI, Mn, Ba, Fe, S, Sr, K, and Ti and depleted in Mg relative to the modern controls. A variety of processes including physical contamination with quartz and secondary carbonates and ionic substitution from the soil solution are responsible
for these postmortem chemical alterations. The concentrations of the soluble alkaline earth metals Mg, Sr, and Ba increase relative to Ca with duration of burial, whereas the alkali metal K and the less soluble Ti, Si, Fe, AI, and Mn show no significant changes with time. The mobile Mg, Sr, and Ba occur in secondary minerals and substitute for Ca in the
hydroxyapatite lattice. In contrast, there is a rapid equilibration between the less soluble soil elements and the buried rib bone. It appears that the bone has been physically contaminated by sediments containing Ti, Si, Fe, Al, and Mn. Thus, diagenetic mechanisms involving secondary mineralization and ionic substitution from the soil solution are not likely
for these elements. These postmortem chemical changes will provide major obstacles to paleodietary inferences from the elemental composition of archaeological bone mineral. In the absence of
extensive archaeologically associated faunal controls with known diets, dietary inferences from elements in the inorganic apatite component of interred human bone will remain problematic.
Thesis on file at:
1) Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
2) Department of Prehistory, RSPacS, Australian National University
3) Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney
4) Division of Archaeology, South Australian Museum
5) Centre for Prehistory, University of Western Australia