Ankit Gupta

The need for assessment of water resources availability in large and ungauged river basin is frequent topic of discussion. It is now becoming increasingly important for water resources evaluation in India. Water resources development activities have focused attention on development and application of physically based hydrological models, which was used to simulate the impact of land and water use on water resources. The main objective of this study was to test the performance and feasibility of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for water balance study and prediction of stream flowin the Upper and Middle Narmada River Basin of India, which can be used for understanding the effects of future development and management actions. To simulate these impacts, long-term daily meteorological data was used.The Sequential Uncertainty domain parameter Fitting algorithm (SUFI-2) of SWAT CUP (Calibration and Uncertainty Program) with multiple sets of parametervalues is used for calibration and validation, over the entire basin.This calibration and validation was done based on the observed daily discharge data from India-WRIS (India – Water Resources Information System).The goal was to bracket most of the estimated data within the 95% prediction uncertainty (95PPU), by getting a significant coefficient of determination (R2) and coefficient of efficiency (NS) between observed and estimated data. The results after post calibration and validation indicates decrease in average annual water yield from 44.83 mm to 36.67 mm and R2 calculated before calibration 0.86 and increases to 0.88 after calibration. The simulation results indicate that relatively small parts of the total basin area have a high impact on the water balance in the catchment. It also indicates considerable reduction in surface runoff from 346.42 mm to 320.91 mm during 1979 to 1987.The results of present work also indicates that the parameter uncertainty is not the sole source of uncertainty; the model structure uncertainty is also important. These processes are mainly associated with the existing large reservoirs regulating the runoff of the River Narmada.

Urban agglomeration is an expansion of city center with its adjoining outgrowth or suburbs. Urban agglomeration is a recent phenomenon in Indian society, which do not accommodate the haphazard growth of human settlements. The main objective of this study was to identify the recent urban changes in Bhubaneswar and its periphery. Bhubaneswar is the capital of Odisha and it was planned in the year 1948. The city could not grow in the envisaged manner as it is surrounded by the Chandaka Wildlife sanctuary in the northwest section and by flood plains on the eastern side. The present study examines the use of Index Based Model for delineation of the urban sprawl of Bhubaneswar city. Index-based built-up index (IBI), is a normalized difference index used for the extraction of built-up land features. The above-mentioned model can be efficiently used by taking three known indices viz. NDBI, SAVI & MNDWI. Satellite imageries of IRS-P6 and Landsat 7 (ETM+) & 8 (OLI) has been used in the study with the efficient use of ArcGIS. The study manifest that, there has decreased in the area under vegetation cover and the increase in the settlements and crop land. It has been found from the study that Index-based Built-up Index (IBI) is a good method to determine the dispersion of built-up land feature in the city, within the slight limitation of the model. The urban development of Bhubaneswar is going in an unplanned manner which have an adverse effect on both human and natural resources. The results of this work conclude that Remote Sensing and GIS techniques can be methodical used in the study of urban agglomeration and its adjoining urban areas.

The need for assessment of water resources availability in large river basin is frequent topic of discussion. It is now becoming increasingly important for water resources evaluation in India. Water resources development activities have focused attention on development and application of physically based hydrological models, which was used to simulate the impact of land and water use on water resources. The main objective of this study was to do water balance study and prediction of stream flow in the Upper and Middle Narmada River Basin of India, which can be used for understanding the effects of future development and management actions. To simulate these impacts, long-term daily meteorological data was used. The results after post calibration and validation indicates decrease in average annual water yield from 44.83 mm to 36.67 mm. The simulation results indicate that relatively small parts of the total basin area have a high impact on the water balance in the catchment. It also indicates considerable reduction in surface runoff from 346.42 mm to 320.91 mm during 1979 to 1987. The results of present work also indicate that the parameter uncertainty is not the sole source of uncertainty; the model structure uncertainty is also important. These processes are mainly associated with the existing large reservoirs regulating the runoff of the River Narmada.

Rapid development along with demographic change is the most direct influencing factors on urbanization and urban change. Urbanization further cause land use and land cover change in any area. Indian cities have not been able to cope with the pressure of industrial development resulting inadequate urban infrastructure. City planning is becoming an important concern to modern India. The integration of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing acts as an effective tool for estimating urban growth and modeling in the recent years. The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the urban growth of Indore, the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh state of India. Study area is situated on the western section of Malwa plateau, on the banks of the Khan River and Saraswati River. Latest boundary of the city, demarcated by Municipal Corporation of Indore has been used as base boundary for this study, which includes all extended and substantial parts of the city and nearby towns. Built-up area is marked by using the base boundary on satellite imagery of two different time periods. Index-based Built-up Index (IBI), is a normalized difference index, has been used for the extraction of builtup land features with efficient use of ArcGIS software. Pan sharpened satellite imagery of Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI_TIRS sensor has been used for the model. Preprocessing of satellite imagery has been done to obtain high quality information from remote sensors. Additionally, high resolution imagery has been used for the further assessment of urban growth. The study demonstrate that Indore had sprawled urban growth during the period 2005 to 2014. It has been found from the study that Index-based Built-up Index (IBI) is a good method to determine the dispersion of built-up land features in the city, within the slight limitation of model. The results of the present work conclude that Remote Sensing and GIS techniques can be efficiently used in estimation and analysing the urban growth trends with respect to the adjoining urban areas.
Keywords: Urban Growth in Indore, Index-based Built-up
Index, ArcGIS, Remote Sensing & GIS.

Urbanization in any area can be clearly studied by high resolution satellite data. The image data is vector hence it can’t be used directly for query and analysis. There was a need to collate the data in vector form as well. The elevation data is also extremely important for such studies hence this may also be required.

This building plan is basically prepared keeping in mind the requirement of a middle class family. It has a ground floor, first floor, second floor & third floor structure. Entire building predominantly consists of one Drawing room, 2 Bedrooms, Dining room & Kitchen. Necessary sanitation & ventilation facilities have been provided as per requirements & as per bylaws.