初
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]初 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 中尸竹 (LSH), four-corner 37220, composition ⿰衤刀)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 137, character 33
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1911
- Dae Jaweon: page 310, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 327, character 22
- Unihan data for U+521D
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
初 | |
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alternative forms |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 初 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 衤 (“clothes”) + 刀 (“knife; to cut”) – start making clothes by cutting the cloth.
The various 𢀰-shaped glyphs are or are evolved from Zetian characters.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cu1
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): cu1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): cu1
- Northern Min (KCR): chú
- Eastern Min (BUC): chĕ̤ / chŭ
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1tshu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cou1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄨ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chu
- Wade–Giles: chʻu1
- Yale: chū
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chu
- Palladius: чу (ču)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cu1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cu
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: co1
- Yale: chō
- Cantonese Pinyin: tso1
- Guangdong Romanization: co1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: co1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰᵘɔ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: cu1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhû
- Hakka Romanization System: cuˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: cu1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: cu1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chú
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chĕ̤ / chŭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰœ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhe
- Tâi-lô: tshe
- Phofsit Daibuun: zhef
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhere
- Tâi-lô: tshere
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- chhoe/chhe - vernacular;
- chho͘ - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: co1 / ciu1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsho / tshiu
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰo³³/, /t͡sʰiu³³/
- ciu1 - only when referring to days 1-10 of the month in the Chinese calendar;
- co1 - all other senses.
- Middle Chinese: tsrhjo
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ʰra/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sʰra/
Definitions
[edit]初
- initial; inceptive
- 初夏 ― chūxià ― early summer
- first
- prefix of dates from 1st to 10th in the Chinese calendar
- 初三 ― chūsān ― third day of a lunar month
- original
- 初衷 ― chūzhōng ― one’s initial intention; original idea
- elementary; basic
- beginning; start
- just
Compounds
[edit]- 一本初衷
- 久夢初醒/久梦初醒
- 最初 (zuìchū)
- 冬初
- 凌濛初
- 初一 (chūyī)
- 初一十五 (chūyī shíwǔ)
- 初七
- 初中 (chūzhōng)
- 初乳 (chūrǔ)
- 初二 (chū'èr)
- 初五隔開/初五隔开
- 初交
- 初伏
- 初冬 (chūdōng)
- 初出茅廬/初出茅庐 (chūchūmáolú)
- 初創/初创 (chūchuàng)
- 初印本
- 初吉
- 初唐 (Chūtáng)
- 初唐四傑/初唐四杰
- 初喪/初丧
- 初夏 (chūxià)
- 初夜 (chūyè)
- 初夜權/初夜权 (chūyèquán)
- 初妻
- 初始 (chūshǐ)
- 初婚 (chūhūn)
- 初學/初学 (chūxué)
- 初學記/初学记
- 初審/初审 (chūshěn)
- 初寫黃庭/初写黄庭
- 初小
- 初度
- 初弦 (chūxián)
- 初心 (chūxīn)
- 初志
- 初意 (chūyì)
- 初戀/初恋 (chūliàn)
- 初戰/初战 (chūzhàn)
- 初文 (chūwén)
- 初日 (chūrì)
- 初旬 (chūxún)
- 初春 (chūchūn)
- 初時/初时 (chūshí)
- 初晡日
- 初更 (chūgēng)
- 初月
- 初服
- 初期 (chūqī)
- 初次 (chūcì)
- 初步 (chūbù)
- 初歲/初岁
- 初民
- 初版 (chūbǎn)
- 初犯 (chūfàn)
- 初獻/初献
- 初生之犢/初生之犊 (chūshēngzhīdú)
- 初發/初发
- 初發芙蓉/初发芙蓉
- 初眠
- 初祖
- 初秋 (chūqiū)
- 初秋圖/初秋图
- 初稿 (chūgǎo)
- 初立
- 初等 (chūděng)
- 初等函數/初等函数 (chūděng hánshù)
- 初等教育 (chūděng jiàoyù)
- 初篁
- 初級/初级 (chūjí)
- 初級中學/初级中学 (chūjí zhōngxué)
- 初級團體/初级团体
- 初級小學/初级小学
- 初級關係/初级关系
- 初虧/初亏
- 初衣
- 初衷 (chūzhōng)
- 初診/初诊 (chūzhěn)
- 初試/初试 (chūshì)
- 初試啼聲/初试啼声
- 初試身手/初试身手
- 初賽/初赛 (chūsài)
- 初速 (chūsù)
- 初選/初选 (chūxuǎn)
- 初選制/初选制
- 初間/初间
- 初階/初阶
- 初陽/初阳 (chūyáng)
- 初雪 (chūxuě)
- 初霜
- 初露鋒芒/初露锋芒
- 初露頭角/初露头角
- 初頭/初头 (chūtóu)
- 初願/初愿 (chūyuàn)
- 劈初頭/劈初头
- 厥初
- 反初服
- 和好如初
- 國初/国初
- 大夢初醒/大梦初醒
- 大年初一 (dànián chūyī)
- 大病初癒/大病初愈
- 太初
- 太初曆/太初历
- 如初 (rúchū)
- 如夢初覺/如梦初觉
- 如夢初醒/如梦初醒 (rúmèngchūxǐng)
- 如醉初醒
- 完好如初 (wánhǎorúchū)
- 宜初
- 山初 (Shānchū)
- 年初 (niánchū)
- 往初
- 從初/从初
- 悔不當初/悔不当初 (huǐbùdāngchū)
- 情竇初開/情窦初开
- 新硎初試/新硎初试
- 旭日初升
- 晴初
- 月初 (yuèchū)
- 本初 (běnchū)
- 民初 (mínchū)
- 泰初
- 瓜字初分
- 當初/当初 (dāngchū)
- 華燈初上/华灯初上
- 賓之初筵/宾之初筵
- 起初 (qǐchū)
- 遂初
- 開初/开初 (kāichū)
Descendants
[edit]- → Vietnamese: xưa
References
[edit]- “初”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: そ (so)
- Kan-on: しょ (sho, Jōyō)
- Kun: はじめ (hajime, 初め, Jōyō); はじめて (hajimete, 初めて, Jōyō); はつ (hatsu, 初, Jōyō); うい (ui, 初, Jōyō)←うひ (ufi, 初, historical); そめる (someru, 初める, Jōyō); うぶ (ubu, 初)
- Nanori: し (shi); もと (moto)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
はつ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
⟨patu⟩ → /ɸat͡su/ → /hat͡su/
From Old Japanese.
Possible cognates include 始め (hajime, “beginning”) and 端 (ha, “edge of something”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 初雁が音 (hatsu-karigane)
- 初冠雪 (hatsukansetsu)
- 初子 (hatsugo)
- 初恋 (hatsukoi)
- 初声 (hatsukoe)
- 初霜 (hatsushimo)
- 初誕生 (hatsutanjō)
- 初年 (hatsutoshi)
- 初月 (hatsutsuki), 初月 (hatsuzuki)
- 初夏 (hatsunatsu)
- 初音 (hatsune)
- 初花 (hatsuhana)
- 初枕 (hatsumakura)
- 初耳 (hatsumimi)
- 初宮参り (hatsu-miyamairi)
- 初物 (hatsumono)
- 初紅葉 (hatsu-momiji)
- 初雪 (hatsuyuki)
Noun
[edit]- a first, start, a beginning
- (slang) first sexual relations, one's first time
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
うい Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
/uɸi/ → /uwi/ → /ui/
First attested in the Kokin Wakashū of roughly 905-914 CE,[2] and assumed to be inherited from Old Japanese.
There is an apparently related term 初 (ubu) of overlapping synonymous meaning, first attested in the early 1000s. It is unclear how these two terms are related: one might be a derivation of the other, or the two might derive separately via other processes.
Both ui and ubu appear to be related to verb 生む (umu, “to birth”), from the sense of "first of something since one has been born".
Martin suggests that this might be a fusion of 生む (umu, “to birth”) + 日 (hi, “day”), literally “birthday”.[3] However, the meaning of any such compound would be the noun birthday with a sense of "the day a woman gives birth" rather than "the day someone is born". Also, phonologically, this would be expected to result in ubi: /umu/ + /pi/ → /umupi/ → /umpi/ → /ubi/.
Possibly cognate with 上 (ue, “above”, possibly via the sense of "upstream → earlier") or classical verb 生ふ (ancient opu, classical ofu, modern ou, “to grow”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 初々しい (uiuishii)
- 初の子 (ui no ko)
- 初冠 (uikōburi, “crowning a boy for the first time at a coming-of-age ceremony”)
Prefix
[edit]- [from early 900s] the first of something
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
うぶ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
初心 |
From stem up- cognate with ui (historical uhi) above. Cause of the shift in voicing is uncertain. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]初 • (ubu) -na (adnominal 初な (ubu na), adverbial 初に (ubu ni))
Inflection
[edit]Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 初だろ | うぶだろ | ubu daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 初で | うぶで | ubu de |
Terminal (終止形) | 初だ | うぶだ | ubu da |
Attributive (連体形) | 初な | うぶな | ubu na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 初なら | うぶなら | ubu nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 初であれ | うぶであれ | ubu de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 初ではない 初じゃない |
うぶではない うぶじゃない |
ubu de wa nai ubu ja nai |
Informal past | 初だった | うぶだった | ubu datta |
Informal negative past | 初ではなかった 初じゃなかった |
うぶではなかった うぶじゃなかった |
ubu de wa nakatta ubu ja nakatta |
Formal | 初です | うぶです | ubu desu |
Formal negative | 初ではありません 初じゃありません |
うぶではありません うぶじゃありません |
ubu de wa arimasen ubu ja arimasen |
Formal past | 初でした | うぶでした | ubu deshita |
Formal negative past | 初ではありませんでした 初じゃありませんでした |
うぶではありませんでした うぶじゃありませんでした |
ubu de wa arimasen deshita ubu ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 初で | うぶで | ubu de |
Conditional | 初なら(ば) | うぶなら(ば) | ubu nara (ba) |
Provisional | 初だったら | うぶだったら | ubu dattara |
Volitional | 初だろう | うぶだろう | ubu darō |
Adverbial | 初に | うぶに | ubu ni |
Degree | 初さ | うぶさ | ubusa |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
初 |
しょ Grade: 4 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 初 (MC tsrhjo).
Affix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 初夏 (shoka)
- 初学 (shogaku)
- 初期 (shoki)
- 初級 (shokyū)
- 初月 (shogetsu)
- 初見 (shoken)
- 初婚 (shokon)
- 初春 (shoshun)
- 初秋 (shoshū)
- 初心 (shoshin)
- 初速度 (shosokudo)
- 初代 (shodai)
- 初対面 (shotaimen)
- 初冬 (shotō)
- 初頭 (shotō)
- 初七日 (shonanuka), 初七日 (shonanoka)
- 初乳 (shonyū)
- 初任 (shonin)
- 初歩 (shoho)
- 最初 (saisho)
- 太初 (taisho)
- 当初 (tōsho)
- 年初 (nensho)
Etymology 5
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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初 |
そ(め) > ぞ(め) Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 初 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 初, is an alternative spelling (uncommon) of the above term.) |
Etymology 6
[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
初 |
はじ(め) Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Nominalization of 始め (hajime, “beginning, first”).
Proper noun
[edit]- a male given name
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “初”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]初 (eumhun 처음 초 (cheo'eum cho))
Compounds
[edit]Okinawan
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Ryukyuan *patu.
Cognate with Japanese 初 (hatsu-).
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]初 (hachi-)
Derived terms
[edit]Old Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Japonic *patu.
Possible cognates include 始め (pazime, “beginning”), 僅か (patuka, “faint”), and 端 (pa, “edge of something”).
Prefix
[edit]初 (patu-) (kana はつ)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Japanese: 初 (hatsu-)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]初: Hán Việt readings: sơ (
初: Nôm readings: xưa[1][2][3][4][5], sơ[1][2][3][5], xơ[1][2][3], thơ[1][3][4], sờ[1]
Compounds
[edit]Adjective
[edit]Noun
[edit]References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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