Tobian (ramarih Hatohobei, literally "the language of Tobi") is the language of Tobi, one of the Southwest Islands of Palau, and the main island of Hatohobei state. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken by approximately 150 people, about 22 are native speakers. The speakers are located in either the island of Tobi or in Echang, a hamlet of Koror, the former capital of Palau. Tobian and Sonsorolese are very close, and appear to be gradually merging towards a new dialect called "Echangese".[2][3] Earlier in the 20th century, about 1000 people lived on the island. Shortly before and during the First World War, those numbers dropped severely due to an abundance of disease.
| Tobian | |
|---|---|
| Ramarih Hatohobei | |
| Native to | Palau |
| Region | Hatohobei, Koror, Sonsorol |
Native speakers | 150 (2017)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin script[1] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Palau |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tox |
| Glottolog | tobi1238 |
| ELP | Tobian |
  Tobian | |
| Coordinates: 3°00′N 131°10′E / 3.00°N 131.17°E | |
| Pidgin Tobi | |
|---|---|
Native speakers | None |
Tobi-based pidgin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | hora1238 |
| ELP | Tobian |
Classification
editTobian and the dialects of Sonsorol, Merir, and Pulo Ana, the other inhabited Southwest Islands, are closely related to the languages spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia outer islands of Yap and Chuuk Lagoon. These include Ulithi and the Central Carolines. Altogether, these languages form a sub-group within the Micronesian languages. The names of these dialects are the terms that are commonly used in European terms. Below are the native names as compared to the common names:
| Common Name | Native Name |
|---|---|
| Sonsorol | Doŋo′sa:ru |
| Pul, Pulo Ana | Pu:r |
| Merir | Me′lel |
| Tobi | Torovei |
Examples
edit- animal = mar
- coconut palm = ruh
- goodbye = sabuho
- language = ramarih
- soldierfish = red
Counting
edit- one = sewo
- two = huwou
- three = soruo
- four = fauwo
This is only base counting. There are different numerals for a lot of different objects.[5]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | close | i | ɨ ʉ | u |
| open | i̯ | u̯ | ||
| Mid | close | e | ø | o |
| open | e̯ | œ | o̯ | |
| Low | close | ã | ||
| open | a | |||
"œ" is used rarely and sounds similar to the French "eu" but the lips do not round out at the end of the sound and has critical meaning in words. There is a central low vowel that sounds like the "u" in "but", but it does not have semantic value and it has very rare occurrence.[3]
Diphthongs
editThere are a lot of diphthongs in Tobian and according to Capell, "several of them are difficult for Europeans".[3]
| diphthong | example | |
|---|---|---|
| äe | mäe | breadfruit |
| äi | fäivi | woman |
| aḛ | wa′ŋaḛt | then |
| ai | maik | swordfish |
| a:i | ma:il | forehead decoration |
| ao̯ | wao̯ | top |
| au | jau | needle |
| a:u | sa:u | piece |
| ei | lei | agent of action |
| oʉ | woʉ | rather of house |
| øi | røi | coconut oil |
| øʉ | Pannøʉ | Palau |
Homonyms and near homonyms
editLike most other languages, Tobian has examples of homonyms but they are not as abundant. Meanings can vary solely on vowel length. Also small differences in sounds can produce major differences in meanings.[3] For example, the difference between voiceless (f) and voiced (v) consonants are important but there are many exceptions where it does not affect the meaning.
| ŋøŋa | 1. to chew betelnut | 2. a stick used in weaving |
| ʉl | 1. a lobster | 2. to pull, drag |
| taitai | 1. to excel, precede | 2. to shave |
Some minimal pairs
edit| mäk | tattooing | ma | kind of garnish |
| ′pannʉ | coconut leaf | Pannøʉ | Palau |
| i′te | my name | i′tøʉ? | who? |
| teiføʉ | thirsty | taivøʉ | new |
| ŋøs | tired | ŋo̯s | glans penis |
Stress and prosody
editTobian utilizes both stress and pitch accents or tones. Compared to the other dialects, it uses less musical tone. It is not a tonal language because the tone does not change the meaning of the word. Although it is not tonal, the speech has a wide variety of tone variations that appear to be emotional rather than linguistic and either show emphasis or other semantic components. Stress accents are used but not as much as English or Russian. In the past, the stress marks would normally be placed on the last syllable of the words. In the present, the stress marks can be placed either on the last syllable or the second to last syllable.
- Stress on the penultimate (second to last)
- Stress on the final syllable
- Stress on the antepenultimate (third to last)
- Sentence stress
- Vowel harmony
- Vowel length
- Furtive vowels (Slightly heard or silent vowels)
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p, b | t, d | c | k, ɡ | |
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Fricatives | f, v | s (z), ʂ (ʐ) | j | x, ɣ | |
| Lateral | (l) | (ɫ) | |||
| Rolled | r | ||||
| Continuants | w | (w) |
References
edit- ^ a b Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D, eds. (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (21st ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- ^ White & Kirkpatrick, Geoffrey & John (1985). Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley & Los Angeles, California: The Regents of the University of California. p. 266. ISBN 0-520-05280-3.
- ^ a b c d e CAPELL, ARTHUR (1951). Grammar & Vocabulary of the Language of Sonsorol - Tobi. Washington: Washington Pacific Science Office, National Research Council.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Horace Holden's Pidgin Tobi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Base Counting Words by Isauro Andrew [1] Isauro Andrew
External links
edit
- Tobian language at Friends of Tobi Island
- Open access recordings of Hatohobei word lists, paradigms and narratives are available through Kaipuleohone