Miskolc

Miskolc
Miskolc
City with county rights
	Miskolc Megyei Jogú Város
	Clockwise from the top left corner:; Avas TV Tower, Castle of Diósgyőr, Széchenyi Street, National Theatre of Miskolc, Cave Bath, Ottó Herman Museum, University of Miskolc, Palace Hotel of Lillafüred
	Flag Coat of arms Logo
	Nickname(s): Steel City; City of the Open Gates
	Miskolc Miskolc
	Coordinates: 48°06′15″N 20°47′30″E / 48.10417°N 20.79167°E
Country	Hungary
Region	Northern Hungary
County	Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
District	Miskolc
Established	9th century AD
Market town	1365
Government
• Mayor	Pál Veres (Independent with opposition backing)
• Deputy Mayor	Andrea Varga (Independent with opposition backing)
• Town Notary	Dávid Ignácz
Area
• City with county rights	236.68 km2 (91.38 sq mi)
Elevation	131 m (430 ft)
Highest elevation	945 m (3,100 ft)
Lowest elevation	110 m (360 ft)
Population (1 January 2019)
• City with county rights	154 521
• Rank	4th in Hungary
• Density	664.09/km2 (1,720.0/sq mi)
• Urban	294,144 (3rd)
Demonym	miskolci
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	3500 to 3549
Area code	(+36) 46
Motorways	M30 Motorway
NUTS 3 code	HU311
Distance from Budapest	182 km (113 mi) East
MP	Katalin Csöbör (Fidesz) ; György Hubay (Fidesz)
Website	en.miskolc.hu

Miskolc (UK: /ˈmiːʃkɒlts/ MEESH-kolts,^[4] US: /ˈmɪʃkoʊlts/ MISH-kohlts,^[5] Hungarian: [ˈmiʃkolt͡s] ^ⓘ; Czech and Slovak: Miškovec; German: Mischkolz; Yiddish: Mishkoltz; Romanian: Mișcolț) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 as of 1 January 2014, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary (behind Budapest, Debrecen, and Szeged). It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.^[6]

Etymology

The name derives from Miško, Slavic form of Michael.^[7]^[8] Miškovec → Miskolc with the same development as Lipovec → Lipólc, Lipóc. The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are que nunc vocatur Miscoucy (around 1200), de Myschouch (1225), Ponyt de genere Myscouch (1230), in Miscovcy (1245).^[8]

Geography

Miskolc City Hall Square

The city lies at the meeting point of different geographical regions – east of the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva. According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of 236.68 km² (91.38 sq mi). The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about 800 m (2,600 ft).

The lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of 110–120 m (360–390 ft). The area belongs to the Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the hilly area of the Lower Bükk (250–300 m or 820–980 ft) consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period, and volcanic rocks from the Miocene.

The Central Bükk, a gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between 400 and 600 m (1,300 and 2,000 ft), is situated between Diósgyőr and Lillafüred; the area is made up of limestone, slate, dolomite and other rocks from the Triassic period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions.

The highest area, the 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry. Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Hungary at−35 °C (−31 °F).^[9]

Climate

Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F) or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below −20 °C (−4 °F) both occur in the winter.

Climate data for Miskolc, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1961-2020
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.1 (61.0)	18.9 (66.0)	25.8 (78.4)	29.9 (85.8)	33.3 (91.9)	36.4 (97.5)	39.3 (102.7)	38.1 (100.6)	34.8 (94.6)	28.1 (82.6)	22.2 (72.0)	16.6 (61.9)	39.3 (102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.0 (35.6)	4.8 (40.6)	11.0 (51.8)	17.7 (63.9)	22.5 (72.5)	26.1 (79.0)	28.1 (82.6)	28.0 (82.4)	22.3 (72.1)	15.7 (60.3)	8.7 (47.7)	2.6 (36.7)	15.8 (60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.3 (29.7)	0.6 (33.1)	5.7 (42.3)	11.5 (52.7)	16.2 (61.2)	19.9 (67.8)	21.5 (70.7)	21.2 (70.2)	16.1 (61.0)	10.4 (50.7)	5.0 (41.0)	−0.1 (31.8)	10.6 (51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−3.9 (25.0)	−2.6 (27.3)	1.1 (34.0)	6.0 (42.8)	10.6 (51.1)	14.4 (57.9)	16.0 (60.8)	15.6 (60.1)	11.2 (52.2)	6.2 (43.2)	2.1 (35.8)	−2.6 (27.3)	6.2 (43.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−32.6 (−26.7)	−35.0 (−31.0)	−22.0 (−7.6)	−9.7 (14.5)	−2.8 (27.0)	−0.9 (30.4)	3.9 (39.0)	3.1 (37.6)	−3.9 (25.0)	−12.8 (9.0)	−22.4 (−8.3)	−27.0 (−16.6)	−35.0 (−31.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	28.0 (1.10)	35.3 (1.39)	31.3 (1.23)	47.4 (1.87)	67.0 (2.64)	85.0 (3.35)	91.1 (3.59)	64.6 (2.54)	53.8 (2.12)	56.8 (2.24)	44.6 (1.76)	39.0 (1.54)	643.9 (25.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	5.6	5.7	5.1	6.9	9.4	9.0	9.3	6.7	6.3	6.6	6.7	6.8	84.1
Average relative humidity (%)	81.3	75.1	63.4	59.8	63.5	65.2	64.6	64.5	70.5	77.3	83.2	84.5	71.1
Average dew point °C (°F)	−5.3 (22.5)	−3.1 (26.4)	−0.1 (31.8)	4.1 (39.4)	9.4 (48.9)	12.5 (54.5)	13.7 (56.7)	13.5 (56.3)	10.5 (50.9)	5.8 (42.4)	1.4 (34.5)	−2.9 (26.8)	5.0 (40.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	40.8	69.5	128.4	177.2	224.0	224.2	254.5	236.4	180.8	141.6	53.2	36.0	1,766.6
Source: NOAA (sun and dew point for 1961-1990)^[10]^[11]

History

Historical picture of the city. View from the Avas hill with the Gothic church in the foreground. The church with two towers is the Minorite Church on today's Heroes' Square.

The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic, proving human presence for over 70,000 years ^{[citation needed]}. Its first known dwellers were the Cotini, one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing the power of the oligarchs.

Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum (market town) in 1365 by King Louis I. He also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) transformed into a Gothic fortress. The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Ottomans under Suleiman the Magnificent took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of Eyalet of Egir until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By the end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice, and 13 guilds had been founded.

During the war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince Francis II Rákóczi, the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of a cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be the city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall, schools such as Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon, churches, the synagogue, and the theatre. The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then a part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses.

Elizabeth Square

These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by the flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places. World War I did not affect the city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by Czechoslovak troops between 1918 and 1919 after the First World War.

After the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s.

Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with the Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic Arrow Cross Party in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing.^[12] Under the supervision of Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After the war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered. The Jewish cemetery on a hill overlooking Miskolc^[13] has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except Thou shall not kill, which is written in Hungarian.

The preparation for World War II established Miskolc as the national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing the surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants.

On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused Jewish black marketeer, the wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and anti-Semitism motivated the riots.

In 1949, the University of Miskolc was founded (as a successor of the Academy of Mining, formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia).

County hall of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén on City Hall square

During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as the centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population.

Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among the various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival, held every summer.

Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca, Lillafüred and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has a park with a boating pond and the unique Cave Bath. Lillafüred and Felsőhámor are pretty villages in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests; their sights include the Hotel Palace on the shore of the Lake Hámori, the Szinva waterfall (the highest waterfall of the country), the Anna Cave and the István Cave.

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1870	31,061	—
1880	34,086	+9.7%
1890	42,970	+26.1%
1900	61,767	+43.7%
1910	76,804	+24.3%
1920	85,761	+11.7%
1930	94,539	+10.2%
1941	115,397	+22.1%
1949	109,841	−4.8%
1960	144,741	+31.8%
1970	181,398	+25.3%
1980	208,103	+14.7%
1990	196,442	−5.6%
2001	184,125	−6.3%
2011	167,754	−8.9%
2022	147,533	−12.1%
Source: ^[14]^[15]

The population (around 1910) is multidenominational and multiethnical, and the differences in the level of education mirrors the stratification of society, following these facts. http://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992

Religion

Religion in Miskolc (2022)^[16]

Roman Catholicism (23.4%)

Calvinism (14.3%)

Greek Catholicism (4%)

Evangelical Christianity (0.8%)

Other (1.7%)

Undeclared (43.6%)

Irreligion (12.2%)

Dominant religion in Miskolc is Roman Catholicism followed by Calvinism and Greek Catholicism.

Economy

Forestry Office on Deák square

The TV tower on Avas became the symbol of the city

Erzsébet Square

Main entrance of the University of Miskolc

Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has a long history in the city.

Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to the main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The glass works manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but the second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc.

Development quickened from the second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after the Ausgleich) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to the forming of Greater Miskolc with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), ⅔ of the working people worked in heavy industry.

The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit the industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The unemployment rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to suburbanization which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of the city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies.

By the early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the highway M3 had reached the city.

Sports

The most popular sport in Miskolc is football. The leading club of the city is Diósgyőri VTK^[17] (short name: DVTK). They have won the Hungarian Cup several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion, is 14 655 and the stadium has under-soil heating and fully covered stands.

The other team, Miskolci VSC, plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at the highest level), and Perecesi TK (one).

Football teams

Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won the National Cup twice.^{[citation needed]}

The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga. The team's home rink, Miskolc Ice Hall, is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006.

The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at the highest Hungarian level.

Former motorcycle speedway team Speedway Miskolc (8 times champions of Hungary) joined the Team Speedway Polish Championship from 2006 to 2010.^[18] They won the 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup with world champion Jason Crump. They were based at the Borsod Volán Stadion.

City parts of Miskolc

Avas

Belfry of the Gothic church

Diósgyőr Castle ruins

Wooden Church

The Avas is a hill (234 m or 768 ft) in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands the Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, is the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas, one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the Castle of Diósgyőr.) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of the city's population.

Belváros (City centre)

Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), Városház tér (City Hall Square) and Erzsébet tér (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in the city centre.

Diósgyőr

The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc is mostly famous for its medieval castle. Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called Új(diós)győr (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr (Diósgyőr-Vasgyár) stands the steel factory that made Miskolc the most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it the nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district.

Egyetemváros (University Town)

The University of Miskolc is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones. University Town is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university, the campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by a large park.

Hejőcsaba and Görömböly

Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own.

Lillafüred

Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred, is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló).

Martin-Kertváros

Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada) is a suburban area.

Miskolctapolca

One of the most well-known holiday resorts in the country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique Cave Bath, a natural cave with thermal water. Tapolca is quite far from the city centre and counts as one of the posh areas of Miskolc. It is a popular tourist attraction.

Alsóhámor, Bükkszentlászló, Felsőhámor, Ómassa, Szirma

These former villages were annexed to the city in 1950 (Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to the city only by its public transport system.

International Soldiers and Military Bands Festival.

The National Theatre.

City Centre.

Lillafüred, Palace Hotel.

Main sights