Groundwater Level Trend Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Crocodile Sub-Basin, South Africa
<p>Study area.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Support vector regression [<a href="#B30-water-15-03025" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Workflow diagram.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Groundwater stations with increasing MK trend.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Groundwater stations with decreasing MK trend.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Groundwater stations with no trend.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The MSE and MAE values for calibration.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The MSE and MAE values for validation.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Observed and Predicted GWLs in the calibration and validation periods.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Scatterplots for the predicted versus observed GWL.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Data Sources and Acquisition
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Correlation Analysis
- (a)
- Cross correlation analysis
- (b)
- Autocorrelation Analysis
- (c)
- Multiple correlation analysis
2.3.2. Trend Analysis
2.3.3. Gradient Boosting Regression
2.3.4. Support Vector Regression
2.3.5. Performance Evaluation of Predictive Models
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Correlation Analysis
3.2. Trend Analysis
3.3. Performance Evaluation of the Predictive Model
3.3.1. MSE and MAE
3.3.2. Scatterplot Analysis
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station Number | Latitude | Longitude | Start Date | Quaternary |
---|---|---|---|---|
A2N0794 | −26.048 | 27.709 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0795 | −26.047 | 27.702 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0799 | −26.093 | 27.719 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0800 | −26.092 | 27.712 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0801 | −26.081 | 27.705 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0802 | −26.073 | 27.699 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0805 | −26.045 | 27.715 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
A2N0806 | −26.012 | 27.727 | 1 September 2008 | A21D |
Input Variable | R | GWL | R/GWL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | Lag (Month) | CCmax | Lag (Month) | ACF | Multiple Correlation Coefficient |
A2N0794 | 3 | 0.145 | 1 | 0.94 | 0.955 |
A2N0799 | 2 | 0.288 | 1 | 0.892 | 0.91 |
A2N0800 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.865 | 0.875 |
A2N0801 | 1 | 0.239 | 1 | 0.851 | 0.858 |
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Tladi, T.M.; Ndambuki, J.M.; Olwal, T.O.; Rwanga, S.S. Groundwater Level Trend Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Crocodile Sub-Basin, South Africa. Water 2023, 15, 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173025
Tladi TM, Ndambuki JM, Olwal TO, Rwanga SS. Groundwater Level Trend Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Crocodile Sub-Basin, South Africa. Water. 2023; 15(17):3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173025
Chicago/Turabian StyleTladi, Tsholofelo Mmankwane, Julius Musyoka Ndambuki, Thomas Otieno Olwal, and Sophia Sudi Rwanga. 2023. "Groundwater Level Trend Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Crocodile Sub-Basin, South Africa" Water 15, no. 17: 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173025