A Decade of Transitioning Malaysia toward a High-Solar PV Energy Penetration Nation
<p>Direct and indirect connection for FiT to the grid.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Direct feed-connection point at the distribution licensee’s grid (connection to the distributor licensee’s grid). (<b>b</b>) Indirect feed-connection point of consumption (connection to the TNB grid) [<a href="#B21-sustainability-13-09959" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>P2P scheme connection [<a href="#B21-sustainability-13-09959" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Installed capacity (MW) of commissioned PV solar installations in Malaysia.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Energy produced from PV in GWh from 2010 to 2018 [<a href="#B98-sustainability-13-09959" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Global Solar Energy Policies
3. Energy Policies in Malaysia
3.1. Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Policy in Malaysia
FiT Connection Mechanism to the Grid
- ➢
- ‘LV direct connection’ means the connection of a renewable energy installation directly to a low-voltage supply line has to be technically feasible according to prudent utility practices Figure 1.
- ➢
- ‘LV indirect connection’ means the connection of a renewable energy installation to a low-voltage supply line indirectly through the internal distribution board of the FiAH where the renewal energy installation is connected to an electrical point within the premises of the FiAH instead of the point of common connection Figure 1.
3.2. Net Energy Metering (NEM)
3.3. Net Energy Metering 2.0 (NEM 2.0)
3.4. Net Energy Metering 3.0 (NEM 3.0)
3.5. NEM Connection Mechanism to the Grid
3.5.1. Direct Feed-Connection
3.5.2. Indirect Solar PV
3.6. Large-Scale Solar (LSS)
3.7. Self-Consumption (SELCO)
3.8. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
4. Results and Comparison of Solar Energy Policies in Malaysia
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Policy Name | Definition | Timeline | Advantages | Drawback | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FiT | Feed-in Tariff policy is the form of selling electricity produced by the user to the grid. Two meters are installed. One to count electricity used by the user and the second meter to measure the kWh produced by the user and sent to the grid sold at a fixed price to the grid. The concept of FiTs is that the output from the PV system produced by the user is sold to the grid with a tariff price set by the utility grid | 2011–2016 |
| More pressure on the grid, since the costumer send all the PV produced energy to the grid. | [33,37] |
NEM | NEM allows the consumer to generate solar power and use it, and the excess energy is exported to the grid and is offset later on with a rate of 0.31 from the next electricity bill. | 2016–2018 |
| [44,45] | |
NEM2.0 | The policy allows the consumer who generate PV energy to export the excess energy to the gride and every kWh is offset with another kWh from the next electricity bill. | 2019–2020 |
| There is no financial benefit; the project saves money but does not allow to earn cash. | [16,53] |
NEM3.0 | Same concept as NEM 2.0, with the exception that it allows indirect connection for commercial building. In addition, the rate for the exported kWh is less than the price of kWh for commercial building. | 2021–2023 |
|
Limited capacity, and older customer who already joined the grid under NEM previously could not join.
| [25,60] |
LSS | Is a bidding program where the lowest bidder gets the quotation. | 2016–2021 |
|
| [81,82,83] |
P2P | In P2P, it is electricity that is sold to and from a locally distributed energy generator that sells their electricity at reasonable rates that the consumer is willing to pay in exchange for their electricity | 2020 |
| It is still not practiced and lack of good data from different locations. | [81,89] |
Country | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 1022 | 3108 | 6719 | 17,759 | 28,399 | 43,549 | 77,809 | 130,822 | 175,237 | 205,493 |
Japan | 3599 | 4890 | 6430 | 12,107 | 19,334 | 28,615 | 38,438 | 44,226 | 55,500 | 61,840 |
India | 65 | 566 | 982 | 1499 | 3673 | 5593 | 9879 | 18,152 | 27,355 | 35,060 |
Indonesia | 15 | 17 | 26 | 38 | 42 | 51 | 58 | 60 | 62 | 198 |
Malaysia | 1 | 1 | 25 | 97 | 166 | 229 | 279 | 370 | 536 | 882 |
Korea Rep | 650 | 730 | 1024 | 155 | 2481 | 3615 | 4502 | 5835 | 7130 | 10,505 |
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Husain, A.A.F.; Ahmad Phesal, M.H.; Kadir, M.Z.A.A.; Ungku Amirulddin, U.A.; Junaidi, A.H.J. A Decade of Transitioning Malaysia toward a High-Solar PV Energy Penetration Nation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9959. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179959
Husain AAF, Ahmad Phesal MH, Kadir MZAA, Ungku Amirulddin UA, Junaidi AHJ. A Decade of Transitioning Malaysia toward a High-Solar PV Energy Penetration Nation. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9959. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179959
Chicago/Turabian StyleHusain, Alaa A. F., Maryam Huda Ahmad Phesal, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin, and Abdulhadi H. J. Junaidi. 2021. "A Decade of Transitioning Malaysia toward a High-Solar PV Energy Penetration Nation" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9959. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179959