Photonic Integrated Circuit Based Temperature Sensor for Out-of-Autoclave Composite Parts Production Monitoring
<p>Schematic of the overall concept, with the sensor at the resin–tool interface.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) The packaged sensor configuration (<b>left</b>), with the fibre-to-PIC interface (<b>right</b>). (<b>b</b>) The sensor build-up, with the PIC on top and the interface to an optical fibre at the bottom side. (<b>c</b>) The sensor inside the package tube, connected to an optical fibre.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The composite tool, with the integrated sensors embedded, with their interfacing fibres visible.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Conceptual top view of a Bragg grating showing the design variables.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the experimental testbed. (<b>b</b>) The response of the optical sensor, raw data (blue) and filtered data (red), with respect to wavelength. (<b>c</b>) Matrix and punch of the composite tool. (<b>d</b>) Heating cycle, as recorded by the thermocouples.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Cross-section of the layer stack indicating the refractive indices for each material used; (<b>b</b>) the electrical field intensity profile for TE mode; (<b>c</b>) the electrical field intensity profile for TM mode, for the same silicon waveguide.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Confinement factor as a function of grating corrugation width for both TE and TM polarizations.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) The effective refractive index of the fundamental mode for TE polarization. (<b>b</b>) The grating pitch as a function of the corrugation width.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Change in reflection spectra, caused by a variation in: (<b>a</b>) corrugation width; (<b>b</b>) number of periods.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Reflection spectra for phase-shifted Bragg gratings with TE polarization, for configurations of dw = 20 nm and Λ = 324 nm, 326 nm, 328 nm.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Reflection spectra for phase-shifted Bragg gratings with TE polarization, for configurations of Λ = 326 nm and dw = 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Reflection spectra for phase-shifted Bragg gratings with TE polarization, for configurations of Λ = 326 nm, dw = 20 nm, and periodicity of 100, 200, 300.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) Reflection spectra at varying temperature, for phase-shifted Bragg grating, of Λ = 326 nm, dw = 20 nm, N = 200 for temperatures of: 23 °C, 80 °C, 180 °C; (<b>b</b>) temperature sensitivity of the same structure.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Reflection spectra, raw data, filtered data and dip in the reflection lobe for 30 °C. (<b>b</b>) Filtered spectrum data for 3 different temperature levels.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>(<b>a</b>) Linear regression models for the sensor in the lab, and inside the tool. (<b>b</b>) Heating cycle, as recorded by the thermocouple (blue), and the temperature as recorded by the optical sensors (red dots). The yellow bars provide a qualitative overview of the total error.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Concept
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Design of the Bragg Grating
3.1.1. Waveguide Modes Calculation
3.1.2. Propagation Simulation
3.2. Experimental Characterization
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Design of the Bragg Grating
4.1.1. Waveguide Mode Calculation
4.1.2. Propagation Simulation Study
4.2. Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Refractive Index |
---|---|
Silicon | 3.47 |
Buried Oxide (BOx) | 1.45 |
Top Oxide | 1.41 |
Variable | Effect |
---|---|
Corrugation width | ) |
Grating pitch | ) |
Number of periods | Affects the peak reflectivity and 3 dB bandwidth [25] |
a (pm/°C) | b (nm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Calibration | 78.4 | 1538.1 | 0.948 |
Embedded sensor | 85.8 | 1537.5 | 0.944 |
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Syriopoulos, G.; Poulopoulos, I.; Zervos, C.; Kyriazi, E.; Poulimenos, A.; Szaj, M.; Missinne, J.; van Steenberge, G.; Avramopoulos, H. Photonic Integrated Circuit Based Temperature Sensor for Out-of-Autoclave Composite Parts Production Monitoring. Sensors 2023, 23, 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187765
Syriopoulos G, Poulopoulos I, Zervos C, Kyriazi E, Poulimenos A, Szaj M, Missinne J, van Steenberge G, Avramopoulos H. Photonic Integrated Circuit Based Temperature Sensor for Out-of-Autoclave Composite Parts Production Monitoring. Sensors. 2023; 23(18):7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187765
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyriopoulos, Georgios, Ioannis Poulopoulos, Charalampos Zervos, Evrydiki Kyriazi, Aggelos Poulimenos, Michal Szaj, Jeroen Missinne, Geert van Steenberge, and Hercules Avramopoulos. 2023. "Photonic Integrated Circuit Based Temperature Sensor for Out-of-Autoclave Composite Parts Production Monitoring" Sensors 23, no. 18: 7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187765