Highly Elastically Deformable Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Supercapacitors
<p>Morphology and electron transfer mechanism for the coiled carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer fiber (<b>a</b>) Photograph showing Vorticella before (<b>left</b>) and after body stretching (<b>right</b>) via the loop opening of the coil-structured tail. (<b>b</b>) Schematic of biomimetic strategy for the fabrication of coil-structured CNT/polymer fibers. (1 and 2) The CNT sheath is being wrapped around the core fiber; (3) the fiber is twisted many times to coil the fiber. The electron transfer mechanisms in the coil fiber-based sensor are compared: (<b>c</b>) (initial state) direct electron transfer through the closed loops, and (<b>d</b>) (stretched state) indirect electron transfer along the coil helix through the opened loops. (<b>e</b>) Photograph shows the bending of coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensor with tweezers. (<b>f</b>) Photographs of coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensor (initial length: 1 cm) before (<b>above</b>) and after (<b>below</b>) 300% strain application (final length: 4 cm).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Electromechanical response and coil loop opening characteristics (<b>a</b>) Schematic (<b>above</b>) and photograph (<b>below</b>) of the definition of the coil index, which can be calculated by dividing the average diameter of the coil fiber (<span class="html-italic">D</span>) by the diameter of the precursor fiber (<span class="html-italic">d</span>). (<b>b</b>) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensors with low (<b>above</b>: scale bar = 200 µm) and high indexes (<b>below</b>: scale bar = 300 µm). Resistance changes versus strain of coiled CNT/polymer fiber with (<b>c</b>) high (2.9) and (<b>d</b>) low index (1.9). The slope of the blue lines represents the piezoresistive sensitivity (i.e., GF). Photographs and magnified SEM images show progressive coil loop opening at (<b>e</b>) 0% and 100%, and surface buckles unfolding at (<b>f</b>) 200% and 300% strains. (<b>g</b>) Photograph of three coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensors (length: 1.2 cm). The table in (<b>h</b>) lists the performance characteristics of the three fiber sensors.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Demonstration of torque stability and weavability of the coiled fiber sensors for wearable applications. (<b>a</b>) Schematic shows SEBS package-coated coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensor, and (<b>b</b>) its resistance with respect to tensile strain. The inset of (<b>b</b>) shows the resistance change ratio during 1000 repeated loading/unloading with 300% strain. Photographs show the SEBS package-coated, coiled CNT/spandex fiber sensor at different strain values: (<b>c</b>) 0%, (<b>d</b>) 100%, (<b>e</b>) 200%, and (<b>f</b>) 300%. The photographs in (<b>g</b>) present seven coiled CNT/spandex fiber sensors woven into the wristband part of a mock ribbed glove to replace the mock rib fibers; (<b>h</b>) shows the magnified image. Photographs present finger movements (<b>i</b>) before and (<b>j</b>) after bending and (<b>k</b>) corresponding resistance change versus time at different finger bending angles ((i) 25°; (ii) 50°; (iii) 75°; and (iv) 100°).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Electrochemical double layer (EDL) charge storage performance of coiled CNT/polymer fiber and capacitance retention during fiber stretching. (<b>a</b>) Schematic of the three-electrode system for measurement of the capacitance of coiled CNT/polymer fiber sensor (i.e., the working electrode); Ag/AgCl and Pt mesh were used as reference and counter electrodes in 0.1M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte, respectively. (<b>b</b>) Measured cyclic voltammogram (CV) curve (at 300 mV/s) of the three-electrode system. (<b>c</b>) CV curves of coiled CNT/polymer fiber supercapacitor measured at 10–100 mV s<sup>−1</sup>. (<b>d</b>) Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves measured from 12.5 µA cm<sup>−2</sup> to 50.0 µA cm<sup>−2</sup> current densities. (<b>e</b>) Calculated linear and areal-specific capacitance as a function of voltage scan rate. (<b>f</b>) Nyquist curve for the frequency range from 0.2 to 100 kHz (the inset shows the high-frequency region). The CV curves of the undeformed coiled CNT/polymer fiber are compared with the CV curves measured at a (<b>g</b>) statically and (<b>h</b>) dynamically applied strain (up to 300%).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morphological Information and Electron Transport in Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers
2.2. Electrical and Mechanical Responses with Coil Loop Opening Properties
2.3. Torque-Stable and Weavable Coiled Fiber Sensors with Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene (SEBS) Passivation
2.4. Coiled CNT/Polymer Fiber Electrodes for Elastic Supercapacitors
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of the Coiled CNT/Polymer Composite Fibers
3.2. Characterization
3.3. Calculation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Choi, J.H.; Noh, J.H.; Choi, C. Highly Elastically Deformable Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Supercapacitors. Sensors 2023, 23, 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042359
Choi JH, Noh JH, Choi C. Highly Elastically Deformable Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Supercapacitors. Sensors. 2023; 23(4):2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042359
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Jin Hyeong, Jun Ho Noh, and Changsoon Choi. 2023. "Highly Elastically Deformable Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Supercapacitors" Sensors 23, no. 4: 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042359