Analysis of Tilt Effect on Notch Depth Profiling Using Thin-Skin Regime of Driver-Pickup Eddy-Current Sensor
<p>Tilted cross-sectional eddy current air-core winding above an ideal notch of conductive half-space.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Tilted eddy current T-R sensor scanning across (x direction) and through the centre of a long surface crack slot on the conductive half-space.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Experimental setup for electromagnetic imaging of surface cracks using T-R eddy current sensor.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Scanning route of tilted T-R sensor for electromagnetic imaging of aluminium sheet with machined surface slots of different depths.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the real part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) for the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degree) scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the imaginary part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) for the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degree) scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The 2-D imaging of the imaginary part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) using the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degree) for the inspection of a surface notch with a depth of 1.6 mm.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The 3-D imaging of the imaginary part of the normalised voltage change (due to the crack) using the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degree) for the inspection of a surface notch with a depth of 1.6 mm.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the real part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) for the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>30</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degrees) scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the imaginary part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) for the T-R sensor (tilt angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>30</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> degrees) scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the real part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) for the T-R sensor scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre with the depth of 1.6 mm and different tilt angles.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the imaginary part of normalised voltage change due to the crack for the T-R sensor scanning across (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> direction in <a href="#sensors-21-05536-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>) and through the crack centre with the depth of 1.6 mm and different tilt angles.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the real part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) versus tilt angles when the T-R sensor is above the crack centre (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> mm).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Comparison of analytical (lines) and experimental (markers) results for the imaginary part of normalised voltage change (due to the crack) versus tilt angles when the T-R sensor is above the crack centre (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> mm).</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Retrieval of the surface crack slot versus actual depths for the tilt angles of 0, 30, and 60 degrees.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thin-Skin Regime Using Eddy-Current T-R Sensor
2.1. Original Method-General Formulas of Thin-Skin Regime for Self-Impedance of Tilted Coil Winding above Long Surface Crack
2.2. Method-Revised Algorithms of Mutual Impedance of Tilted T-R Sensor Scanning Cross Long Notches
3. Experiments
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Scanned Voltage for T-R Sensor across Notch without Tilt Effect
4.2. Tilted T-R Sensor Across the Crack
4.3. Retrieval of Surface Crack Depth
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Parameter | Transmitter Coil or Receiver Coil |
---|---|
Inner radius (mm) | 0.75 |
Outer radius (mm) | 1.25 |
Turns | 300 |
Spacing (mm) | 3.0 |
Coil wire diameter (mm) | 0.071 |
Coil height (mm) | 3.0 |
Lift-off (mm) | 2.0 |
Tilt angle (degree) | 0:10:60 |
Working frequency (kHz) | 300 |
Magnitude of free-space voltage (152 kHz) (V) | 1.12 |
Driven current (mA rms) | 48 |
Free-space coil inductance (H) | |
Free-space coil DC resistance (Ω) |
Parameter | Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminium sheet | Electrical conductivity (MS/m) | 36.9 | ||
Relative permeability | 1 | |||
Thickness (mm) | 2.0 | |||
Magnitude of voltage change (mV) without surface notches under 300 kHz | 225.7 | |||
Skin depth (mm) under 300 kHz | 0.15 | |||
Machined surface crack slot | Width/gape (mm) | 0.25 | ||
Length (mm) | 10.0 | |||
Depth (mm) | 0.4:0.2:1.6 |
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Lu, M.; Meng, X.; Huang, R.; Peyton, A.; Yin, W. Analysis of Tilt Effect on Notch Depth Profiling Using Thin-Skin Regime of Driver-Pickup Eddy-Current Sensor. Sensors 2021, 21, 5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165536
Lu M, Meng X, Huang R, Peyton A, Yin W. Analysis of Tilt Effect on Notch Depth Profiling Using Thin-Skin Regime of Driver-Pickup Eddy-Current Sensor. Sensors. 2021; 21(16):5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165536
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Mingyang, Xiaobai Meng, Ruochen Huang, Anthony Peyton, and Wuliang Yin. 2021. "Analysis of Tilt Effect on Notch Depth Profiling Using Thin-Skin Regime of Driver-Pickup Eddy-Current Sensor" Sensors 21, no. 16: 5536. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165536