Validation of an IMU Suit for Military-Based Tasks
<p>Participant setup. A cluster-based optical marker set was worn on top of the Xsens IMU suit.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Example Visual3D model for a representative participant. Visual3D’s 6 degree-of-freedom model was used for all joint angle calculations. (<b>a</b>) Model built from OPT data (V<sub>OPT</sub>). (<b>b</b>) Model built with IMU data (V<sub>IMU</sub>). Tracking markers used can be found in <a href="#app1-sensors-20-04280" class="html-app">Supplementary Material Table S2</a>.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Military Movements. <b><span style="color:#1F4E79">Blue</span></b> represents an average OPT mover; <b><span style="color:#ED7D31">orange</span></b> represents average IMU mover (<b>a</b>) Kneel-to-prone (KTP); (<b>b</b>) Kneel-to-run (KTR); (<b>c</b>) Prone-to-run (PTR); (<b>d</b>) Walking; (<b>e</b>) Prone-to-kneel (PTK); (<b>f</b>) Run-to-kneel (RTK); (<b>g</b>) Run-to-prone (RTP); (<b>h</b>) Running.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Joint flexion/extension angle RMSE values for each task for joint angles calculated from optical data using Visual3D (V<sub>OPT</sub>), IMU data using Visual3D (V<sub>IMU</sub>), IMU data using Visual3D with calibration to align anatomical coordinate systems with optical model (V<sub>IMU-CAL</sub>), and IMU data using MVN Analyze (X<sub>IMU</sub>). Presented data are averaged between left and right sides across all participants and repetitions for each trial. RTK = run-to-kneel; RTP = run-to-prone; KTR = kneel-to-run; PTR = prone-to-run; KTP = kneel-to-prone; PTK = prone-to-kneel.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Average waveforms across all movements. <b><span style="color:#4472C4">Blue</span></b> represents data captured through OPT (V<sub>OPT</sub>); <b><span style="color:red">red</span></b> represents data captured through IMU (X<sub>IMU</sub>); <b>black</b> represents IMU data processed through Visual3D (V<sub>IMU</sub>); <b><span style="color:fuchsia">magenta</span></b> represents IMU data processed through Visual3D with the coordinate system alignment procedure (V<sub>IMU-CAL</sub>). Shaded areas represent one standard deviation from the mean trajectory and are displayed in the same colour.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Participant Preparation and Equipment
2.3. Movement Protocol
2.4. Data Processing
2.4.1. Principal Component Analysis
2.4.2. Root Mean Squared Error
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis
3.2. Root Mean Squared Error
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Participants | Age (years) | Height (cm) | Mass (kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD; Range) | Mean (SD; Range) | Mean (SD; Range) | ||
All | 20 | 23.7 (3.44; 13.0) | 175 (7.93; 30.3) | 71.9 (13.2; 42.2) |
Female | 10 | 22.3 (2.26; 4.00) | 171 (9.23; 26.2) | 63.5 (6.80; 11.3) |
Male | 10 | 25.1 (3.93; 13.0) | 179 (3.91; 11.7) | 80.3 (12.8; 36.3) |
Task | PC1 (%) | PC2 (%) | PC3 (%) | PC4 (%) | PC5 (%) | PC6 (%) | PC7 (%) | PC8 (%) | PC9 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTK | 0.948 (75.5) | 0.770 (10.1) | 0.744 (4.24) | 0.939 (3.46) | - | - | - | - | - |
RTP | 0.937 (71.5) | 0.701 (13.7) | 0.810 (5.72) | 0.988 (3.28) | - | - | - | - | - |
KTR | 0.903 (50.2) | 0.702 (13.6) | 0.792 (9.27) | 0.970 (6.78) | 0.923 (4.45) | 0.849 (3.13) | 0.586 (2.59) | 0.612 (2.13) | 0.744 (1.92) |
PTR | 0.829 (39.7) | 0.774 (27.6) | 0.678 (11.6) | 0.865 (4.54) | 0.882 (3.21) | 0.735 (2.74) | 0.887 (2.85) | - | - |
KTP | 0.963 (48.7) | 0.961 (17.6) | 0.936 (10.9) | 0.884 (5.10) | 0.509 (4.14) | 0.702 (2.84) | 0.923 (2.05) | - | - |
PTK | 0.867 (48.7) | 0.931 (27.0) | 0.962 (7.80) | 0.643 (4.54) | 0.710 (2.97) | 0.954 (2.30) | 0.848 (1.83) | - | - |
Run | 0.541 (61.3) | 0.616 (27.3) | 0.874 (2.97) | 0.864 (2.58) | - | - | - | - | - |
Walk | 0.819 (60.0) | 0.485 (22.8) | 0.924 (13.7) | 0.867 (6.69) | 0.635 (3.95) | 0.644 (1.60) | - | - | - |
Root Mean Squared Error (°) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Joint | Flexion-Extension Mean (SD) | Ab/Adduction Mean (SD) | Axial Rotation Mean (SD) |
Right Ankle | 6.59 (1.76) | 6.67 (1.37) | 7.16 (2.58) |
Left Ankle | 7.34 (2.22) | 6.11 (1.14) | 5.90 (1.84) |
Right Knee | 7.52 (3.20) | 4.73 (1.28) | 6.44 (1.95) |
Left Knee | 7.15 (3.03) | 4.97 (2.08) | 7.62 (3.12) |
Right Hip | 8.07 (4.24) | 3.95 (1.20) | 3.87 (1.04) |
Left Hip | 8.38 (3.82) | 4.07 (1.37) | 4.22 (1.44) |
Right Shoulder | 19.1 (15.0) | 15.2 (8.75) | 31.0 (26.0) |
Left Shoulder | 16.5 (11.73) | 15.6 (8.51) | 31.9 (25.2) |
Right Elbow | 10.9 (5.30) | 14.7 (7.00) | 40.5 (27.6) |
Left Elbow | 10.1 (4.84) | 17.1 (8.79) | 39.2 (21.4) |
Overall Mean | 10.2 (4.27) | 9.30 (5.54) | 17.8 (15.7) |
Root Mean Squared Error (°) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Joint | Flexion-Extension | Ab/Adduction | Axial Rotation |
Right Ankle | 6.50 (1.99) | 6.21 (1.42) | 6.21 (2.18) |
Left Ankle | 7.35 (2.37) | 5.46 (0.83) | 5.93 (1.74) |
Right Knee | 9.83 (4.51) | 4.90 (1.29) | 6.52 (1.84) |
Left Knee | 9.17 (3.63) | 5.17 (2.13) | 7.77 (2.99) |
Right Hip | 8.43 (4.29) | 4.23 (1.14) | 4.03 (1.04) |
Left Hip | 8.57 (3.89) | 4.18 (1.35) | 4.35 (1.43) |
Right Shoulder | 11.0 (6.46) | 8.79 (3.16) | 11.5 (6.62) |
Left Shoulder | 13.4 (8.44) | 10.6 (3.52) | 15.1 (10.9) |
Right Elbow | 10.6 (4.45) | 11.8 (4.06) | 16.7 (7.25) |
Left Elbow | 11.3 (5.36) | 11.5 (3.85) | 15.2 (6.72) |
Overall Mean | 9.61 (2.04) | 7.28 (3.06) | 9.33 (4.84) |
Root Mean Squared Error (°) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Joint | Flexion-Extension | Ab/Adduction | Axial Rotation |
Right Ankle | 6.50 (2.09) | 5.68 (1.35) | 5.98 (2.13) |
Left Ankle | 7.23 (2.41) | 5.34 (1.00) | 5.90 (1.69) |
Right Knee | 9.91 (4.62) | 4.89 (1.42) | 5.38 (1.23) |
Left Knee | 9.30 (3.65) | 4.57 (1.20) | 6.07 (1.82) |
Right Hip | 8.36 (4.11) | 3.72 (0.89) | 3.97 (1.17) |
Left Hip | 8.64 (4.00) | 4.09 (0.99) | 4.06 (1.43) |
Right Shoulder | 9.86 (6.39) | 4.67 (2.04) | 8.64 (3.94) |
Left Shoulder | 10.6 (7.52) | 5.21 (2.20) | 11.0 (7.68) |
Right Elbow | 8.40 (3.77) | 7.29 (3.46) | 10.5 (3.83) |
Left Elbow | 8.60 (3.49) | 8.73 (4.34) | 10.3 (4.46) |
Overall Mean | 8.74 (1.25) | 5.42 (1.52) | 7.18 (2.69) |
Root Mean Squared Error (°) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Joint | Flexion-Extension | Ab/Adduction | Axial Rotation |
Right Ankle | 4.44 (1.43) | 4.03 (1.27) | 4.17 (2.00) |
Left Ankle | 6.17 (2.40) | 3.85 (1.43) | 4.33 (1.86) |
Right Knee | 3.80 (2.49) | 0.84 (0.28) | 1.12 (0.52) |
Left Knee | 3.58 (2.03) | 0.78 (0.23) | 1.22 (0.59) |
Right Hip | 1.83 (0.72) | 0.73 (0.23) | 0.79 (0.23) |
Left Hip | 1.95 (0.87) | 0.67 (0.16) | 0.85 (0.27) |
Right Shoulder | 15.2 (10.1) | 12.1 (6.10) | 22.8 (22.4) |
Left Shoulder | 11.9 (5.97) | 11.1 (5.58) | 21.1 (16.4) |
Right Elbow | 5.36 (2.52) | 19.7 (9.86) | 29.7 (23.2) |
Left Elbow | 6.75 (3.10) | 20.7 (9.87) | 33.2 (20.0) |
Overall Mean | 6.09 (4.31) | 7.45 (7.91) | 11.9 (13.2) |
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Mavor, M.P.; Ross, G.B.; Clouthier, A.L.; Karakolis, T.; Graham, R.B. Validation of an IMU Suit for Military-Based Tasks. Sensors 2020, 20, 4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154280
Mavor MP, Ross GB, Clouthier AL, Karakolis T, Graham RB. Validation of an IMU Suit for Military-Based Tasks. Sensors. 2020; 20(15):4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154280
Chicago/Turabian StyleMavor, Matthew P., Gwyneth B. Ross, Allison L. Clouthier, Thomas Karakolis, and Ryan B. Graham. 2020. "Validation of an IMU Suit for Military-Based Tasks" Sensors 20, no. 15: 4280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154280