Mining-Induced Time-Series Deformation Investigation Based on SBAS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study of Drilling Water Solution Rock Salt Mine
<p>(<b>a</b>) Single well based on an oil pad before the process of dissolution connection, (<b>b</b>) The final connected groove based on an oil pad after the process of dissolution connection process (data from [<a href="#B2-sensors-19-05511" class="html-bibr">2</a>]).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Experimental flow of small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Study area overview. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Regional scale in China of the test mine. (<b>c</b>) The location of the study area. (<b>d</b>) Corresponding amplitude image of the area with the mining region of interest outlined in the white rectangle. (<b>e</b>) In situ picture of the drilling solution wellhead in (<b>d</b>).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>In situ pictures of ground ruptures in the rock salt mine. (<b>a</b>) The underground brine flowing into the cultivated land, inducing land salinization. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Accumulated deformation induced road surface cracks. (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) Cracks on resident houses (<b>f</b>) Gradually formed stagnant water area, with a settlement even deeper than 1.5 m.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Geological map of the rock salt mine. (<b>a</b>) The plane geological distribution of the test rock salt mine (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> represents the Lower Tertiary Eocene Xingouzui Formation). (<b>b</b>) Vertical distribution of the comprehensive geological formations (data from [<a href="#B31-sensors-19-05511" class="html-bibr">31</a>]).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Digital elevation models (DEM) errors (the solid black square represents the reference point for phase unwrapping). (<b>b</b>) Deformation rates.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Time-series deformation (with reference to 15 June 2015).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Time-series deformation of feature points at drilling water-soluble rock salt mine (HCP1 to HCP5). (<b>b</b>) Correlation diagram of the deformation rate with the solvent temperature and the average air temperature.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The temperature and precipitation in the study area (from 6 June 2016 to 31 January 2017).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Percentage of accumulated number of coherence points with subsidence in the rock salt mine (with reference to 15 June 2015).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Profiles of the subsidence bowl in <a href="#sensors-19-05511-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>. (<b>a</b>) Along the l1 direction, (<b>b</b>) along the l2 direction, (<b>c</b>) along the l3 direction, and (<b>d</b>) along the l4 direction.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Locations of the benchmarks in the rock salt mine (the corresponding amplitude images are shown in the red rectangle in the southeast corner).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Times-series deformation results compared with leveling measurements on the benchmarks (the locations of CP1 to CP10 are shown in <a href="#sensors-19-05511-f012" class="html-fig">Figure 12</a>). (<b>a</b>) from 2 August 2015 to 13 October 2015. (<b>b</b>) from 2 August 2015 to 3 July 2016. (<b>c</b>) from 2 August 2015 to 18 December 2016.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Experiments
3.1. Study Area and Geological Background
3.2. SAR Acquisitions and Data Processing
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Overall Deformation Results
4.2. Discussions
- (1)
- The process of the brine extraction was conducted by injecting solvent followed by rock salt dissolution, which takes a longer time than traditional coal mining activities; in addition, the depth of the drilling solution mining was deeper than that of common coal mines (the depth of wells in this study area was 200–500 m), which induced the lagging appearance of ground surface subsidence.
- (2)
- The relationship between the solubility and the solvent temperature in Table 2 shows that the dissolution of mirabilite is significantly vulnerable to temperature [2,37]. The solubility under 30 °C is almost four times that of under 0–10 °C. This indicates that under the circumstance of high temperature in the warm season, the mineral dissolution was considerably rapid, inducing a larger amount of brine extraction. On the contrary, for the cold season (the period of 24 December 2015 to 25 March 2016), the low temperature in winter suppressed the dissolution rate for the mirabilite.
- (3)
- The spatially multi-peak phenomenon was mainly due to the drilling solution mining method based on connected well groups and its comprehensively multi-direction advancing mode (which will be discussed in Section 4.2).
4.3. Accuracy Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drilling Water-Soluble Rock Salt Mine (Orbit No. 11) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Acquisition Date (yyyy/mm/dd) | Vertical Baseline (m) | Temporal Baseline (days) | No. | Acquisition Date (yyyy/mm/dd) | Vertical Baseline (m) | Temporal Baseline (days) |
0 | 2015/06/15 | 26.89 | −216 | 12 | 2016/05/16 | −15.15 | 120 |
1 | 2015/07/09 | 88.17 | −192 | 13 | 2016/07/03 | −19.95 | 168 |
2 | 2015/08/02 | 1.87 | −168 | 14 | 2016/08/20 | 22.27 | 216 |
3 | 2015/08/26 | −36.04 | −144 | 15 | 2016/09/25 | −55.61 | 252 |
4 | 2015/09/19 | −33.99 | −120 | 16 | 2016/10/07 | −21.78 | 264 |
5 | 2015/10/13 | 43.37 | −96 | 17 | 2016/10/19 | 57.01 | 276 |
6 | 2015/12/24 | 121.57 | −24 | 18 | 2016/10/31 | 54.31 | 288 |
7 | 2016/01/17 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2016/11/12 | 42.52 | 300 |
8 | 2016/02/10 | 95.00 | 24 | 20 | 2016/11/24 | 0.96 | 312 |
9 | 2016/03/05 | −23.73 | 48 | 21 | 2016/12/18 | −20.47 | 336 |
10 | 2016/03/29 | −48.43 | 72 | 22 | 2016/12/30 | 20.89 | 348 |
11 | 2016/04/22 | 39.75 | 96 | 23 | 2017/01/11 | 71.62 | 360 |
Mineral | Temperatures (°C) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | |
Thenardite (Na2SO4) | 5.0 | 9.0 | 19.4 | 40.8 | 48.8 | 46.7 | 45.3 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 42.9 | 42.5 |
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Liu, X.; Xing, X.; Wen, D.; Chen, L.; Yuan, Z.; Liu, B.; Tan, J. Mining-Induced Time-Series Deformation Investigation Based on SBAS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study of Drilling Water Solution Rock Salt Mine. Sensors 2019, 19, 5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245511
Liu X, Xing X, Wen D, Chen L, Yuan Z, Liu B, Tan J. Mining-Induced Time-Series Deformation Investigation Based on SBAS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study of Drilling Water Solution Rock Salt Mine. Sensors. 2019; 19(24):5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245511
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xiangbin, Xuemin Xing, Debao Wen, Lifu Chen, Zhihui Yuan, Bin Liu, and Jianbo Tan. 2019. "Mining-Induced Time-Series Deformation Investigation Based on SBAS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study of Drilling Water Solution Rock Salt Mine" Sensors 19, no. 24: 5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245511