Minimizing the Adverse Effects of Asymmetric Links: A Novel Cooperative Asynchronous MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
<p>Asymmetric link situation.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Working mechanism of ASYM-MAC protocol: (<b>a</b>) operation of the ASYM-MAC protocol; and (<b>b</b>) a collision scenario.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Preamble and data collision.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Data loss due to link asymmetry.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Symmetric link situation.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Relay selection among sibling.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Beacon loss situation.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Data loss situation.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Average energy consumption: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Per packet energy consumption: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Packet reception ratio: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Packet delivery ratio: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Average delay per packet: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>System Throughput: (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes; (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes; and (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Control Packet Overhead (<b>a</b>) for 27 nodes (<b>b</b>) for 54 nodes (<b>c</b>) for 90 nodes.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We design a tree-based technique to solve link asymmetry between the sender to receiver, receiver to sender or both.
- In addition to the tree formation information, we develop an efficient algorithm to select an efficient helper node. Unlike ASYM-MAC, this scheme can deal with the asymmetric link scenario more strictly in low power WSNs.
- For effective helper selection, we propose a wake-up schedule algorithm for each node by which the most efficient node among sender’s neighbors wakes up early to send its beacon.
- The performance of the proposed protocol was evaluated through a simulation model based on the OMNeT++ simulation framework.
- Performance comparisons with state-of-the-art MAC protocol ASYM-MAC showed that the proposed protocol outperforms the ASYM-MAC protocol in terms of energy consumption, PRR, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay.
2. Related Work
2.1. Asymmetric Link Based Protocol
2.2. Cooperative Based Protocol
3. Problem Statement
3.1. Preamble and Data Collision
3.2. No Mechanism in Data Loss Situation
3.3. Control Packet Overhead
4. The COASYM-MAC Protocol
4.1. System Model and Network Topology
4.2. Tree Formation
4.2.1. Identifying First Hop and Distance for Each Node
4.2.2. Parent Selection
Algorithm 1 Tree Formation. |
|
4.2.3. Balanced Tree Formation
Algorithm 2 GetAcknowledgement(). |
|
4.3. Wake Up Scheduling
Algorithm 3 Wake up scheduling. |
|
4.4. Data Collection
4.4.1. In Case of Symmetric Link
Algorithm 4 Link symmetric. |
|
4.4.2. In Case of Beacon Loss Due to Link Asymmetry
4.4.3. In Case of Data Loss Due to Link Asymmetry
Algorithm 5 Cooperative communication. |
|
5. Simulation Results
5.1. Simulation Environment
5.2. Simulation Results
5.2.1. Energy Consumption Results
5.2.2. Packet Reception Ratio
5.2.3. Packet Delivery Ratio
5.2.4. Average Delay per Packet
5.2.5. System Throughput
5.2.6. Control Packet Overhead
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Tx Power | Symmetric | Asymmetric | Unidirectional |
---|---|---|---|
(<10%) | (10–90%) | (>90%) | |
−19 dBm | 50% | 43% | 7% |
−14 dBm | 65% | 22% | 13% |
−5 dBm | 88% | 6% | 6% |
MAC | Extra | Clock | Idle | Reliability | Relay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preamble | Sync | Listening | |||
Cl-MAC [46] | Yes | Yes | Less | No | Yes |
CPS- MAC [48] | Yes | Yes | Less | Yes | No |
ARQ-CRI [47] | No | No | Huge | No | No |
ACT-MAC [50] | Yes | No | Huge | Yes | No |
RIC- MAC [49] | No | No | Huge | No | No |
Symbol | Description |
---|---|
Graph of vertex V and edge E | |
Neighbor of a Node u | |
Parent of Node u | |
Distance from Node u to Base Station | |
Number of hop from Node u to Base Station | |
Residual energy of Node u | |
Transferring radius of Node u | |
Parent request for Node v |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Node deployment area | 1000 m × 1000 m |
Number of nodes | 27/54/90 |
Node’s initial energy | 2000 J |
Simulation Time | 150 s |
Sensing Range | 70 m |
Energy | 0.50 J |
Energy | 0.25 J |
Asymmetry (%) | 10 ∼ 90 |
ACK Timeout | 0.4 s |
Queue Length | 256 Packet |
Waiting Time t | 1 s |
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Hasan, M.M.; Karmaker, A.; Alam, M.S.; Craig, A. Minimizing the Adverse Effects of Asymmetric Links: A Novel Cooperative Asynchronous MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102402
Hasan MM, Karmaker A, Alam MS, Craig A. Minimizing the Adverse Effects of Asymmetric Links: A Novel Cooperative Asynchronous MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19(10):2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102402
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan, Md. Mahedee, Amit Karmaker, Mohammad Shah Alam, and Andrew Craig. 2019. "Minimizing the Adverse Effects of Asymmetric Links: A Novel Cooperative Asynchronous MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 19, no. 10: 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102402