Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network
<p>Heterogeneous radio access network (RAN) system architecture.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>User equipments (UEs) placed in a homogeneous environment. Some UEs can access two or more macro base stations (BSs).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Two-level load transmission. In Level One, all the small-cell BSs, pico and femto, send their respective load value to macro BS. In Level Two, all the base stations (BSs) broadcast their load values.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Similarity between UE’s utility and BS’s utility.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>UE and BS deployment in the network.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>UE share for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of spectrum efficiency for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Normalized minimum rate for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Normalized sum rate for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Jain’s fairness index of UE rate for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Jain’s fairness for different association schemes in different deployment scenarios.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Performance of different association schemes in different deployment scenarios against optimal values.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. HetNet and User Association
1.2. Load Balancing Problem
2. Related Works
Offline and Online User Association
3. System Model and Problem Formulation
Problem Formulation
4. Algorithm Description
- = Set of BSs neighbors to BS j.
- = Number of BS(s) that can be accessed by the ith UE.
Algorithm 1 Centralized solution |
|
4.1. Probability Scheme
Algorithm 2 Probability scheme |
|
4.2. Hierarchical d-Choices Scheme
Algorithm 3 Two-level d-choices scheme. |
|
Effects of Different d-Choices and Different User Association Methods
5. Performance Analysis
Time Complexity Analysis
6. Performance Evaluation
6.1. Loads among Different BSs
6.2. CDF of Spectrum Efficiency
6.3. Normalized Rate
6.4. Jain’s Fairness
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Control | Environment | HetNet | Fairness |
---|---|---|---|---|
[17] | Distributed | Static | Yes | High |
[19] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | High |
[20] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | Moderate |
[24] | Centralized | Static | Yes | - |
[25] | Centralized | Static | Yes | High |
[29] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | High |
[26] | Centralized | Static | Yes | High |
[27] | Centralized | Static | Yes | - |
[30] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | - |
[31] | Distributed | Static | No | - |
[32] | Distributed | Static | No | - |
[33] | Distributed | Static | Yes | High |
[34] | Distributed | Static | No | - |
[35] | Distributed | Static | Yes | - |
[36] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | - |
[37] | Distributed | Static | Yes | High |
[39] | Distributed | Dynamic | Yes | - |
[40] | Distributed | Static | Yes | - |
[41] | Distributed | Static | Yes | High |
[42] | Distributed | Static | Yes | - |
[43] | Distributed | Static | Yes | - |
[45] | Centralized | Dynamic | Yes | High |
Notation | Description |
---|---|
Set of tiers | |
Set of BSs | |
Set of UEs | |
Number of BSs in the network | |
Number of UEs in the network | |
Current of BS j belongs to kth tier | |
Current of BS j belongs to kth tier | |
Transmission power of a BS j belongs to the kth tier | |
from BS j of tier k to UE i | |
Noise power level | |
W | Bandwidth |
Instantaneous rate from BS j of tier k to UE i | |
Actual experienced data rate from BS j of tier k to UE i | |
UE and BS association indicator | |
Set of UEs attached to BS j of tier k | |
Set of BSs the UE i can associate with | |
Utility of UE i from BS j of tier k | |
Utility of BS j of tier k | |
Set of UEs that the BS j of tier k can be associated with | |
Association parameter calculated by UE i considering BS j of tier k | |
Probability of association calculated by UE i considering BS j of tier k |
Different Combinations of d | Average Jain’s Fairness | Total Number of Probe |
---|---|---|
d1 = 2, d2 = 2 | 0.9985 | 4 |
d1 = 2, d2 = 3 | 0.9995 | 5 |
d1 = 2, d2 = 4 | 0.9997 | 6 |
d1 = 3, d2 = 2 | 0.9985 | 5 |
d1 = 3, d2 = 3 | 0.9984 | 6 |
d1 = 3, d2 = 4 | 0.9998 | 7 |
d1 = 4, d2 = 4 (optimal case) | 1 | 14 |
Algorithm | Association Rule | Time Complexity | Scheme |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Centralized | ; U is the total number of UEs in the network | Greedy based |
2 | Distributed | ; C is the average number of BSs a UE can access to | Probability based |
3 | Distributed | O (+); and are the number of choices in the two levels | d-choices based |
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Bikram Kumar, B.; Sharma, L.; Wu, S.-L. Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network. Sensors 2019, 19, 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061412
Bikram Kumar B, Sharma L, Wu S-L. Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network. Sensors. 2019; 19(6):1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061412
Chicago/Turabian StyleBikram Kumar, B., Lokesh Sharma, and Shih-Lin Wu. 2019. "Online Distributed User Association for Heterogeneous Radio Access Network" Sensors 19, no. 6: 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061412