The Influence of Horizontal Thermal Advection on Near-Surface Energy Budget Closure over the Zoige Alpine Wetland, China
<p>Topography of the study area (<b>a</b>), the pseudo-colour image of the Landsat/TM channels (B3, B2, and B1) ((<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>), (<b>c</b>) is the sub-region covered by red point in (<b>b</b>)), landscape (<b>d</b>), observational equipment (<b>e</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Comparison between temperature simulation results ((<b>a</b>), blue line) and observation data ((<b>a</b>), red line); the slope obtained by ordinary least squares (OLS) is 0.84 ((<b>b</b>), red line).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Flux footprint, surface temperature, and friction velocity at FOF in the daytime of summer 2017 (black line: wetlands boundary in summer 2017; Surface temperature is derived from landsat satellite data with a resolution of 30 m).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Time series of 2-m 30-min averaged (<b>a</b>) surface wind velocity, (<b>b</b>) temperature, and (<b>c</b>) moisture from 11 July to 25 July; (<b>a*</b>–<b>c*</b>) is the corresponding mean diurnal variations; red line: the component of temperature gradient in the direction of wind velocity; blue line: the component of specific humidity gradient in the direction of wind velocity; black line: (<b>a</b>) surface wind velocity, (<b>b</b>) temperature, (<b>c</b>) specific humidity.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Colour contours of 30-min averaged (<b>a</b>) horizontal sensible heat advection (<b>b</b>) horizontal latent heat advection observed at 2 m from 11 July to 25 July in FOF.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Surface wind velocity and direction frequency on (<b>a</b>) period I: 11 July–19 July and (<b>b</b>) period II: 20 July–25 July in FOF.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>A diurnal ensemble average over 15 days for <span class="html-italic">H<sub>A</sub></span> (red line) and <span class="html-italic">LE<sub>A</sub></span> (blue line) in FOF from 11 July to 25 July 2017.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>A diurnal ensemble average over 15 days for each component of the surface energy budget in FOF from 11 July to 25 July (blue line: latent heat flux (<span class="html-italic">LE</span>); red line: sensible heat (<span class="html-italic">H</span>); yellow line: net radiation (<span class="html-italic">R<sub>n</sub></span>); green line: soil heat flux (<span class="html-italic">G<sub>0</sub></span>); black line: horizontal thermal advection (<span class="html-italic">H<sub>A</sub></span> + <span class="html-italic">LE<sub>A</sub></span>); black dash line: imbalance energy on surface energy exchange.).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Scatterplots of turbulent flux (<span class="html-italic">H</span> + <span class="html-italic">LE</span>) versus surface available energy ((<b>a</b>): <span class="html-italic">SAE = R<sub>n</sub> − G<sub>0</sub></span>; (<b>b</b>): <span class="html-italic">SAE = R<sub>n</sub> − G<sub>0</sub> − H<sub>A</sub> − LE<sub>A</sub></span>); Slopes of red lines represent the near-surface energy closure ratio at the FOF from 11 July 2017, to 26 July 2017 and color indicates the density of scatter points (left: without considering horizontal thermal advection; right: considering horizontal thermal advection).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Observation Site
2.2. Instrument and Data
2.3. Energy Closure Ratio and Components
2.4. Near-Surface Horizontal Thermal Advection
2.5. Flux Footprint and the Configuration of Surface Temperature
2.6. Advection: Mean Velocity, Temperature, and Moisture Gradient
3. Results
3.1. Diurnal Variation of Horizontal Thermal Advection in Zoige Wetland
3.2. Surface Energy Budget of Zoige Wetland in Summer
3.3. The Contribution of Horizontal Thermal Advection to Energy Budget Closure
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Horizontal sensible heat advection is stronger than horizontal latent heat advection. The ensemble average of HA is 17.8 W·m−2 while that of LEA is 2.4 W·m−2 during the observation period.
- (2)
- The magnitude of the horizontal thermal advection is approximately equal to that of sensible heat flux at Zoige alpine wetland during strong wind conditions. The diurnal variation was unimodal with a mean of 20.2 W·m−2 and a maximum value of 55.0 W·m−2.
- (3)
- After considering the contribution of thermal advection, the energy closure ratio of the Zoige alpine wetland increased from 72.3% to 81.0% in the summer. It means approximately one-tenth of net radiation energy is transferred horizontally by thermal advection in Zoige alpine wetland during a cold advection.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lu, X.; Wen, J.; Wang, D.; Liu, W.; Yang, Y.; Tian, H.; Wu, Y.; Jiang, Y. The Influence of Horizontal Thermal Advection on Near-Surface Energy Budget Closure over the Zoige Alpine Wetland, China. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010220
Lu X, Wen J, Wang D, Liu W, Yang Y, Tian H, Wu Y, Jiang Y. The Influence of Horizontal Thermal Advection on Near-Surface Energy Budget Closure over the Zoige Alpine Wetland, China. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(1):220. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010220
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Xuancheng, Jun Wen, Dongxiao Wang, Wenhui Liu, Yue Yang, Hui Tian, Yueyue Wu, and Yuqin Jiang. 2023. "The Influence of Horizontal Thermal Advection on Near-Surface Energy Budget Closure over the Zoige Alpine Wetland, China" Remote Sensing 15, no. 1: 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010220