Clouds in the Vicinity of the Stratopause Observed with Lidars at Midlatitudes (40.5–41°N) in China
"> Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Histogram of the lidar observation nights and cloud event occurrence times during the different months; (<b>b</b>) Statistics of the peak altitude and maximum volume backscatter coefficient of the cloud layers. The solid dots (<span style="color:#4874c4">•</span>) indicate the peak altitude, and the altitude distribution range of each cloud layer is correspondingly represented with a vertical bar. The red circles (<span style="color:#ED7D31">o</span>) indicate the value of the maximum volume backscatter coefficient value of the cloud layer.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photon count profile sequence and (<b>b</b>) the volume backscatter coefficient, reflecting the temporal evolution of cloud layers observed with the lidar at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) at dawn on 30 October 2018.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photon count profile sequence and (<b>b</b>) the volume backscatter coefficient, reflecting the temporal evolution of the cloud events observed with the lidar over Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) at twilight on 30 October 2018.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Photon count profile sequence and (<b>b</b>) the volume backscatter coefficient, reflecting the temporal evolution of the cloud events observed with the lidar at Pingquan (41°N, 118.7°E) at night on 30 October 2018.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Photon count profile sequence (on a logarithmic scale) and the volume backscatter coefficient of the cloud layers, reflect the temporal evolution of the cloud event observed with the lidar at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) on 17–18 September 2017.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Mesospheric temperature structure derived from lidar observations over Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) before the onset of cloud events; (<b>b</b>) Comparison between the lidar-observed atmospheric temperature (blue line with dots) and the frost-point temperature of water vapor (red line). The frost-point temperature profile was estimated according to the SABER-measured water vapor (green dashed line with circles) at the footprint (40.8°N, 119.7°E) at 23:09 LT on 29 October 2018. The horizontal bars indicate the measurement uncertainty.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature and water vapor profile sequences measured by SABER from October 28 to November 1 when the TIMED satellite swept the footprints near Beijing; (<b>b</b>) Temperature (blue line with circles) and water vapor (red dashed line with crosses) profiles obtained at the footprint (41.8°N, 119.7°E) at 23:09 LT on 29 October 2018, and the estimated frost-point temperature of water vapor (red line). The green dashed line with dots indicates the temperature profile simultaneously measured with lidar at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E), and the horizontal bars indicate the measurement uncertainty.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature and water vapor profile sequences measured by SABER from 16–19 September 2017 when the TIMED satellite swept the footprints above Beijing; (<b>b</b>) Temperature (green line) and water vapor (red dashed line) profiles measured by SABER at the footprint (41.42°N, 105.37°E) at 22:57 LT on 17 September 2017.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature structure measured by SABER/TIMED within the latitude range of 38–43°N; (<b>b</b>) Background temperature obtained via least harmonic fitting with zonal wavenumbers ranging from 0 to 7; (<b>c</b>) Residual (temperature perturbation) calculated by subtracting the fitted background temperature from the observed temperature structure; (<b>d</b>) Wave structure (solid line) obtained from SABER measurements at the footprint (41.42°N, 105.37°E) at 22:57 LT on 17 September 2017. The red dashed line indicates the wave profile reconstructed via wavelet analysis.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instrumentation and Methodology
3. Observation Results
3.1. Cloud Events Observed on 30 October 2018
3.2. Cloud Event Observed on 17–18 September 2017
4. Discussion
4.1. Occurrence of Cloud Events on 30 October 2018
4.2. Occurrence of Cloud Event on 17–18 September 2017
4.3. Occurrence Mechanism
5. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Date | Lidar Station | Duration Time (Local Time) | Altitude Range (km) | Peak Altitude | Layer Structure | FWHM (km) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 September 2010 | Yanqing | 19:00–19:30 | 43.5–45 | 2.0 | 43.8 | single | 0.20 |
24 September 2010 | Yanqing | 20:40–22:35 | 48–51 | 8.0 | 49.3 | double | 0.42 |
31 Auguest 2013 | Yanqing | 01:15–03:15 | 56–60 | 1.2 | 58 | single | ≤0.31 |
11 October 2013 | Yanqing | 22:45–01:00 (+1 day) | 58–60.5 | 1.6 | 58 | single | ≤0.33 |
22 March 2014 | Yanqing | 23:00–23:45 | 56–61 | 3.0 | 58.5 | single | ≤0.2 |
17 September 2017 | Yanqing | 20:00–05:00 (+1 day) | 44–58 | 5.6 | 47.2 | double | ≤0.81 |
27 September 2017 * | Yanqing Pingquan | 19:00–22:00 20:40–24:00 | 51–54.5 49–53 | 5.0 7.0 | 54 52 | single single | ≤0.35 ≤0.43 |
01 December 2017 | Yanqing | 20:45–21:15 | 37.5–38.6 | 40.0 | 38 | single | ≤0.22 |
05 February 2018 | Yanqing | 05:15–06:05 | 44–46 | 3.5 | 45 | single | ≤0.4 |
28 April 2018 | Yanqing | 22:00–02:15 (+1 day) | 46–48 | 8.7 | 47.5 | single | ≤0.35 |
30 October 2018 * | Yanqing Yanqing Pingquan | 03:40–06:00 18:30–19:40 18:45–00:30 (+1 day) | 53–62 57–65 54–62 | 1.2 11.2 7.2 | 54.3 61 54.5 | triple triple double | ≤0.92 ≤0.71 ≤0.64 |
24 November 2018 * | Yanqing Pingquan | 19:15–22:15 18:35–20:30 | 33–37.5 35–37 | 55.0 14.0 | 36.5 36.5 | double single | ≤0.30 ≤0.31 |
29 November 2018 | Pingquan | 19:00–21:00 | 50–54 | 25.0 | 53 | single | ≤0.45 |
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Gong, S.; Wang, Y.; Guo, J.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Y.; Li, F.; Xun, Y.; Xu, J.; Cheng, X.; Yang, G. Clouds in the Vicinity of the Stratopause Observed with Lidars at Midlatitudes (40.5–41°N) in China. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 4938. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194938
Gong S, Wang Y, Guo J, Chen W, Zhang Y, Li F, Xun Y, Xu J, Cheng X, Yang G. Clouds in the Vicinity of the Stratopause Observed with Lidars at Midlatitudes (40.5–41°N) in China. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(19):4938. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194938
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Shaohua, Yuru Wang, Jianchun Guo, Weipeng Chen, Yuhao Zhang, Faquan Li, Yuchang Xun, Jiyao Xu, Xuewu Cheng, and Guotao Yang. 2022. "Clouds in the Vicinity of the Stratopause Observed with Lidars at Midlatitudes (40.5–41°N) in China" Remote Sensing 14, no. 19: 4938. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194938