Diurnal to Seasonal Variations in Ocean Chlorophyll and Ocean Currents in the North of Taiwan Observed by Geostationary Ocean Color Imager and Coastal Radar
"> Figure 1
<p>Study area (dotted frame) and adjacent region. The red dot is the tidal station, the green cross is buoy, the blue square is the coastal ocean dynamics applications radar (CODAR) station, and the black arrow is the Kuroshio main path. The background color of the enlarged study area is the submarine topography obtained from the ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model (doi:10.7289/V5C8276M).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Historical in-situ survey observational ocean 10-m flow field, including multi-year statistics and the four seasons. Black arrows show the ocean current, the blue background is the seabed topography, and the black dotted line is the 100-m isobath.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Multi-year statistics and seasonal results of the vertical profile (10–70m depth) of ocean currents in northern Taiwan: (<b>a</b>) Fifteen specific analysis locations, (<b>b</b>) areas A1 to A5, (<b>c</b>) areas B1 to B5, and (<b>d</b>) areas C1 to C5.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Three trajectories of drifters in the Taiwan Strait in summer. (<b>b</b>) ID: 61501380, (<b>c</b>) ID: 61502320-1, and (<b>d</b>) ID: 61502320-2.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Three trajectories of drifters in the Taiwan Strait in winter. (<b>b</b>) ID: 62325980, (<b>c</b>) ID: 62415670, and (<b>d</b>) ID: 62416680.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Three trajectories of drifters in the Taiwan Strait in spring. (<b>b</b>) ID: 63942860, (<b>c</b>) ID: 63942870, and (<b>d</b>) ID: 63942890.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Two trajectories of drifters in the Kuroshio region in winter and spring. (<b>b</b>) ID: 63894830 and (<b>c</b>) ID: 63943580.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Monthly chlorophyll concentration from December 2014 to May 2020 with the CODAR flow field.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Monthly CODAR flow field during the ebb period from December 2014 to May 2020.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Monthly CODAR flow field during the flood period from December 2014 to May 2020.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Long-term chlorophyll concentration map from April 2011 to May 2020 and observation area: (<b>a</b>) A (121–121.5°E; 25–25.5°N), B (121.5–122°E; 25–25.5°N, and C (coast; 122°E, 24.5–25°N), (<b>b</b>) L1 to L8 section line.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Monthly to seasonal variations in the chlorophyll concentration. (<b>a</b>) L1 to L5 sections, (<b>b</b>) L6 to L8 sections, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) monthly and yearly means of the three areas in <a href="#remotesensing-12-02853-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>a.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Distribution of the monthly average chlorophyll concentration from April 2011 to May 2020 along the northern coast of Taiwan. The black dotted lines and the white line segments represent the 50 m and 100 m isobaths, respectively.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Short time period of (<b>a</b>) chlorophyll concentration and (<b>b</b>) SST variations with ocean currents from Feb 19, 2016, 1:00 to 7:00 (UTC). The areas A, B, and C in the time series diagram were selected as black boxes inside the map.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Short time period of (<b>a</b>) chlorophyll concentration and (<b>b</b>) sea surface temperature (SST) variations with ocean currents from July 20, 2017, 0:00 to 7:00 (UTC). The areas A, B, and C in the (<b>c</b>) time series diagram were selected as black boxes inside the map.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Simulation of virtual drifter trajectory using CODAR flow field data, simulation time of drifter on (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 11:00 (UTC) 18 July, 2015, (<b>c</b>) from 11:00 (UTC) 8 July to 05:00 (UTC) 9 July, 2015, and (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) 0:00 (UTC) 19 February, 2016.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>A schematic diagram of the main characteristics of the flow field in the north of Taiwan.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Study Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll Concentration
2.1.1. Geostationary Ocean Color Imager
2.1.2. Himawari-8
2.2. Ocean Currents
2.2.1. Buoy
2.2.2. Ship-Board ADCP
2.2.3. CODAR
2.3. Tide
2.4. Drifter
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Ocean Current in Northern Taiwan
3.1.1. Historical Survey Observation
3.1.2. Drifter Experiments
3.2. Diurnal to Seasonal Changes in Chlorophyll Concentrations
3.2.1. Monthly to Seasonal Variations
3.2.2. Diurnal Variation with Tidal Currents
4. Discussion
4.1. Current Trajectory Tracking Experiment
4.2. Compared with CODAR Flow Field with Buoy and Reanalysis Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Spring (March to May) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | N | 0.33 | A2 | N | 0.17 | A3 | ESE | 0.29 | A4 | NW | 0.29 | A5 | NE | 0.04 |
B1 | NNE | 0.35 | B2 | NNE | 0.18 | B3 | ESE | 0.12 | B4 | SE | 0.20 | B5 | SE | 0.18 |
C1 | NE | 0.63 | C2 | ENE | 0.14 | C3 | N | 0.05 | C4 | SE | 0.09 | C5 | E | 0.15 |
Summer (Jun to August) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | NNE | 0.29 | A2 | NE | 0.45 | A3 | ENE | 0.31 | A4 | S | 0.08 | A5 | SSW | 0.18 |
B1 | NE | 0.63 | B2 | NE | 0.33 | B3 | N | 0.03 | B4 | SE | 0.08 | B5 | S | 0.21 |
C1 | NE | 0.80 | C2 | ENE | 0.21 | C3 | NNE | 0.15 | C4 | SSE | 0.15 | C5 | SE | 0.22 |
Fall (September to November) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | NE | 0.38 | A2 | NE | 0.25 | A3 | WNW | 0.31 | A4 | S | 0.13 | A5 | ENE | 0.07 |
B1 | NNW | 0.26 | B2 | W | 0.18 | B3 | SSW | 0.15 | B4 | WNW | 0.33 | B5 | E | 0.05 |
C1 | NNE | 0.26 | C2 | SSW | 0.02 | C3 | N | 0.09 | C4 | SE | 0.07 | C5 | SE | 0.15 |
Winter (December to February) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | NE | 0.12 | A2 | E | 0.44 | A3 | NE | 0.17 | A4 | NW | 0.70 | A5 | N | 0.34 |
B1 | W | 0.46 | B2 | E | 0.45 | B3 | ENE | 0.42 | B4 | NNW | 0.38 | B5 | NW | 0.50 |
C1 | NNW | 0.14 | C2 | SW | 0.19 | C3 | NE | 0.14 | C4 | SSE | 0.07 | C5 | NNW | 0.07 |
Spring (March to May) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | N | 0.17 | A2 | NNE | 0.13 | A3 | NE | 0.04 | A4 | ENE | 0.07 | A5 | NE | 0.09 |
B1 | NNE | 0.20 | B2 | NE | 0.16 | B3 | ENE | 0.05 | B4 | ESE | 0.09 | B5 | E | 0.09 |
C1 | NNE | 0.20 | C2 | NNE | 0.09 | C3 | NE | 0.06 | C4 | SSE | 0.08 | C5 | ESE | 0.11 |
Summer (Jun to September) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | NNE | 0.29 | A2 | NE | 0.22 | A3 | NE | 0.09 | A4 | E | 0.08 | A5 | ESE | 0.12 |
B1 | NE | 0.32 | B2 | NE | 0.23 | B3 | ENE | 0.07 | B4 | SE | 0.08 | B5 | SE | 0.11 |
C1 | NE | 0.27 | C2 | NE | 0.12 | C3 | NE | 0.04 | C4 | S | 0.06 | C5 | SE | 0.14 |
Fall (October and November) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | WNW | 0.09 | A2 | WSW | 0.04 | A3 | SSW | 0.06 | A4 | NNE | 0.02 | A5 | NE | 0.04 |
B1 | WNW | 0.07 | B2 | WSW | 0.01 | B3 | SSE | 0.04 | B4 | SE | 0.06 | B5 | ESE | 0.05 |
C1 | NW | 0.09 | C2 | W | 0.06 | C3 | NNE | 0.01 | C4 | SSW | 0.11 | C5 | SE | 0.09 |
Winter (December to February) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | W | 0.06 | A2 | W | 0.05 | A3 | W | 0.05 | A4 | WNW | 0.16 | A5 | NW | 0.21 |
B1 | WNW | 0.04 | B2 | WSW | 0.02 | B3 | W | 0.01 | B4 | WNW | 0.12 | B5 | NW | 0.17 |
C1 | WNW | 0.05 | C2 | WSW | 0.04 | C3 | NNW | 0.03 | C4 | SW | 0.09 | C5 | WNW | 0.05 |
Spring (March to May) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | ENE | 0.31 | A2 | ENE | 0.32 | A3 | E | 0.26 | A4 | E | 0.37 | A5 | E | 0.38 |
B1 | ENE | 0.39 | B2 | ENE | 0.47 | B3 | E | 0.31 | B4 | ESE | 0.43 | B5 | ESE | 0.40 |
C1 | NE | 0.43 | C2 | ENE | 0.42 | C3 | ENE | 0.40 | C4 | ESE | 0.38 | C5 | ESE | 0.36 |
Summer (Jun to September) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | ENE | 0.48 | A2 | ENE | 0.43 | A3 | ENE | 0.28 | A4 | ESE | 0.38 | A5 | ESE | 0.47 |
B1 | NE | 0.55 | B2 | ENE | 0.58 | B3 | ENE | 0.31 | B4 | ESE | 0.44 | B5 | ESE | 0.47 |
C1 | NE | 0.51 | C2 | ENE | 0.48 | C3 | ENE | 0.37 | C4 | ESE | 0.35 | C5 | ESE | 0.39 |
Fall (Oct and November) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | E | 0.19 | A2 | E | 0.31 | A3 | ESE | 0.30 | A4 | E | 0.34 | A5 | ESE | 0.40 |
B1 | ENE | 0.24 | B2 | E | 0.43 | B3 | E | 0.34 | B4 | ESE | 0.44 | B5 | ESE | 0.44 |
C1 | ENE | 0.25 | C2 | ENE | 0.36 | C3 | ENE | 0.39 | C4 | ESE | 0.35 | C5 | SE | 0.36 |
Winter (December to February) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | E | 0.21 | A2 | E | 0.27 | A3 | E | 0.25 | A4 | E | 0.23 | A5 | E | 0.20 |
B1 | ENE | 0.25 | B2 | E | 0.38 | B3 | E | 0.31 | B4 | E | 0.25 | B5 | E | 0.21 |
C1 | ENE | 0.26 | C2 | ENE | 0.35 | C3 | ENE | 0.35 | C4 | ESE | 0.30 | C5 | ESE | 0.24 |
Spring (March to May) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | WNW | 0.30 | A2 | WNW | 0.26 | A3 | WNW | 0.24 | A4 | WNW | 0.32 | A5 | NW | 0.38 |
B1 | WNW | 0.25 | B2 | W | 0.29 | B3 | W | 0.26 | B4 | WNW | 0.33 | B5 | WNW | 0.31 |
C1 | WNW | 0.20 | C2 | W | 0.35 | C3 | WSW | 0.36 | C4 | WSW | 0.32 | C5 | WNW | 0.20 |
Summer (Jun to September) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | NNW | 0.27 | A2 | NW | 0.21 | A3 | WNW | 0.18 | A4 | WNW | 0.27 | A5 | WNW | 0.29 |
B1 | NNW | 0.22 | B2 | WNW | 0.26 | B3 | W | 0.21 | B4 | W | 0.36 | B5 | WNW | 0.33 |
C1 | NW | 0.17 | C2 | WSW | 0.32 | C3 | WSW | 0.34 | C4 | W | 0.36 | C5 | W | 0.17 |
Fall (October and November) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | W | 0.40 | A2 | W | 0.44 | A3 | W | 0.40 | A4 | WNW | 0.38 | A5 | WNW | 0.41 |
B1 | W | 0.37 | B2 | W | 0.51 | B3 | W | 0.36 | B4 | W | 0.41 | B5 | WNW | 0.39 |
C1 | W | 0.40 | C2 | WSW | 0.54 | C3 | WSW | 0.43 | C4 | W | 0.39 | C5 | WNW | 0.23 |
Winter (December to February) | ||||||||||||||
D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | D | S | |||||
A1 | W | 0.36 | A2 | W | 0.41 | A3 | W | 0.40 | A4 | WNW | 0.59 | A5 | WNW | 0.63 |
B1 | W | 0.36 | B2 | WSW | 0.49 | B3 | W | 0.36 | B4 | WNW | 0.52 | B5 | WNW | 0.57 |
C1 | WSW | 0.38 | C2 | WSW | 0.49 | C3 | WSW | 0.42 | C4 | W | 0.43 | C5 | WNW | 0.38 |
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Hsu, P.-C.; Lu, C.-Y.; Hsu, T.-W.; Ho, C.-R. Diurnal to Seasonal Variations in Ocean Chlorophyll and Ocean Currents in the North of Taiwan Observed by Geostationary Ocean Color Imager and Coastal Radar. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172853
Hsu P-C, Lu C-Y, Hsu T-W, Ho C-R. Diurnal to Seasonal Variations in Ocean Chlorophyll and Ocean Currents in the North of Taiwan Observed by Geostationary Ocean Color Imager and Coastal Radar. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(17):2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172853
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Po-Chun, Ching-Yuan Lu, Tai-Wen Hsu, and Chung-Ru Ho. 2020. "Diurnal to Seasonal Variations in Ocean Chlorophyll and Ocean Currents in the North of Taiwan Observed by Geostationary Ocean Color Imager and Coastal Radar" Remote Sensing 12, no. 17: 2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172853