The Difference of Sea Level Variability by Steric Height and Altimetry in the North Pacific
"> Figure 1
<p>Argo and eddy data. (<b>a</b>) The coral lines are the Argo data with numbers from 2901550 to 2901566, the red line is the track of the eddy center, and the green area is the eddy passing area. The base map shows the depth of the ocean, and the sea level anomaly (SLA) of the black box is shown in <a href="#remotesensing-12-00379-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> (<b>b</b>). (<b>b</b>) The Argo position on May 15, 2014 and the base map show the performance of SLA.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The relationships of sea level variability under different reference levels. The sea surface height (SSH) measured by the altimeter was the sea level reference for the reference ellipsoid, the sea level anomaly (SLA) was the sea level reference for the mean sea surface height (MSSH) and the absolute dynamic topography (ADT) was the sea surface height above the Geoid. The steric height (SH) was caused by the change of the density between the sea level and the reference level.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Satellite along-track data and eddy track data. The coral points represent the satellite position. The red points are the eddy center, and the red star is the start position of the eddy. The green areas are the eddy passing area.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The grouped data. Each map has a group of data in which the blue cross-shaped points are the Argo positions, the cyan dot points are along-track positions, the red star is the eddy center and the green circle areas are the eddy areas. The maps (<b>a</b>) indicate data groups No. 6, the maps (<b>b</b>) indicate data groups No. 13 and the maps (<b>c</b>) indicate data groups No. 24. They will be discussed in the next section.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The results of the height difference between the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> by using the SH as the Argo data. The blue star is the height difference between SH at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the cyan dots are the height difference between ADT at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and the red crosses are the height difference between SLA at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The cyan line was the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red line was the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>a</b>) The height difference between <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> where the distance between the Argo position and the satellite position less than 0.2 degrees in the latitude and longitude direction with a time difference less than four hours; (<b>b</b>) the height difference between the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> where the distance between the Argo position and the satellite position less than 0.15 degrees in the latitude and longitude direction with a time difference less than four hours.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The results of the height difference between the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> by using the SHA as the Argo data. The blue stars are the height difference between SH at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the cyan dots are the height difference between ADT at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and the red crosses are the height difference between SLA at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The cyan line was the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two point, and the red line was the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two point. The faded lines repeating lines from <a href="#remotesensing-12-00379-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> (for SH). (<b>a</b>) The height difference between <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> where the distance between the Argo position and the satellite position less than 0.2 degrees in the latitude and longitude direction with a time difference less than four hours; (<b>b</b>) the height difference between the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> where the distance between the Argo position and the satellite position less than 0.15 degrees in the latitude and longitude direction with a time difference less than four hours.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The relationship of the SD-AD as a function of the distance difference between the distance of the Argo and the satellite in <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, where (<b>a</b>) shows the relationship between the SH and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>b</b>) Shows the relationship between the SHA and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two points.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The relationship of the SD-AD as a function of distance between the two Argo points; the y axes of (<b>a</b>) and (<b>c</b>) are the difference at two points (A and B) of Argo data minus satellite data; the y axes of (<b>b</b>) and (<b>d</b>) represent the SD-AD. (<b>a</b>) and (<b>b</b>) are the result of the SD-AD by using the Argo data to select the SH; the blue stars show the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>) are the result of the SD-AD by using the Argo data to select the SHA; the blue stars show the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two point.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Shows the relationships of the SD-AD as a function of the sum of the distance between an Argo point and the eddy center at two points. (<b>a</b>) Shows the relationship between the SH and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>b</b>) The relationship between the SHA and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two points.</p> "> Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Shows the relationships of the SD-AD as a function of the sum of the distance between an Argo point and the eddy center at two points. (<b>a</b>) Shows the relationship between the SH and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>b</b>) The relationship between the SHA and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two points.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Shows the relationships of the SD-AD as a function of the difference in wind speed between two Argo points. (<b>a</b>) The relationship between the SH and the altimetry data; the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two point. (<b>b</b>) The relationship between the SHA and the altimetry data, the blue stars show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red crosses show the absolute difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two points.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The SD-AD results after screening with the influence factor; (<b>a</b>) is the SH data selected as the steric data, where the blue stars are the height difference between SH at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the cyan dots are the height difference between ADT at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and the red crosses are the height difference between SLA at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The cyan line was the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-ADT) at two points, and the red line was the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SH-SLA) at two points. (<b>b</b>) is the SHA data selected as the steric data, where the blue stars are the height difference between SHA at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the cyan dots are the height difference between ADT at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and the red crosses are the height difference between SLA at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The cyan line shows the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-ADT) at two points, and the red line shows the difference in the height difference between SD-AD (SHA-SLA) at two points.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Argo Profile
2.2. Altimetry Data
2.3. Wind Data
2.4. Method
3. Results
3.1. Distances between the Argo Positions and the Along-Track Positions
3.2. Barotropic Influence
3.2.1. Distance between Two Points
3.2.2. Distances between the Argo Points and the Eddy Centre
3.2.3. Wind Speeds
3.3. Results under the Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The feasibility of validating the altimetry swath data by using the steric method. In this paper, we used in-situ observation data to analyze the feasibility of using a steric method to validate the interference altimetry sea level variability in different pixels. The result showed that when considering the distance difference between the distance of the Argo and the satellite in and and angle difference, the distance between two Argo points, the sum of the distance of the Argo point and the eddy center in and and the difference in wind speed between two Argo points, the relationship of the SD-AD has a highly corrected coefficient of 0.98, the RMSD was ~1.8 cm and the bias was ~0.6 cm. This proved that it is feasible to validate interferometric altimetry data using the steric method under these conditions.
- As we can see from Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10, when the distance difference between the distance of the Argo and the satellite in and were less than ~13 km, and in the same direction, the distance between two Argo points was less than ~120 km, the sum of the distance of the Argo point and the eddy center in and less than 220 km, difference in wind speed between two Argo points were less than ~1 m/s and the non-steric influence had a significant reduction. The relationship between the steric data and sea level data had a highly corrected coefficient of 0.98. This proved that using the steric method to validate the sea level variability in different pixels is feasible, and the relationship needs to be studied in more detail in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADT | Absolute Dynamic Topography |
AE | Anticyclonic Eddy |
AVISO | Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic |
Cal/Val | Calibration and Validation |
CMEMS | Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium Weather Forecasting |
GDAC | Global Data Assembly Centers |
IFREMER | French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea |
MSSH | Mean Sea Surface Height |
MSH | Mean Steric Height |
NSH | Non-Steric Height |
OW | Okubo–Weiss method |
Point 1 | |
Point 2 | |
RMSD | Root Mean Square Deviation |
SD-AD | Steric Data and Along-track Data |
SH | Steric Height |
SHA | Steric Height Anomaly |
SLA | Sea Level Anomaly |
SSH | Sea Surface Height |
SWOT | Surface Water and Ocean Topography |
T-S-P | Temperature-Salinity-Pressure |
WOA 13 | World Ocean Atlas 2013 |
4D-Var | Four-Dimensional Variational Analysis |
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Control Condition | Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) | Bias | Correlation Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 degrees 4 hours | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
5.25 cm | 4.42 cm | 1.54 cm | 1.18 cm | 0.8858 | 0.9034 | |
0.15 degrees 4 hours | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
4.07 cm | 3.87 cm | 0.54 cm | 0.57 cm | 0.9241 | 0.9292 |
Control Condition | RMSD | BIAS | Correlation Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 degrees 4 hours | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
7.79 cm | 6.56 cm | 2.46 cm | 2.09 cm | 0.7393 | 0.7994 | |
0.15 degrees 4 hours | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
5.57 cm | 5.42 cm | 0.54 cm | 0.57 cm | 0.8862 | 0.8941 |
Argo Database | RMSD | BIAS | Correlation Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SH | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
1.79 cm | 1.76 cm | 0.81 cm | 0.69 cm | 0.9785 | 0.9780 | |
SHA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA | ADT | SLA |
1.76 cm | 1.89 cm | 0.66 cm | 0.55 cm | 0.9841 | 0.9828 |
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Zhang, Q.; Yu, F.; Chen, G. The Difference of Sea Level Variability by Steric Height and Altimetry in the North Pacific. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030379
Zhang Q, Yu F, Chen G. The Difference of Sea Level Variability by Steric Height and Altimetry in the North Pacific. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(3):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030379
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qianran, Fangjie Yu, and Ge Chen. 2020. "The Difference of Sea Level Variability by Steric Height and Altimetry in the North Pacific" Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030379