Retrieval of Salt Marsh Above-Ground Biomass from High-Spatial Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery Using PROSAIL
"> Figure 1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Site Map of the Delmarva Peninsula, VA, including the barrier islands, estuaries, and shallow bays of the VCR/LTER, with Hog Island shown in red. (<b>b</b>) Our study site during the 2017 field campaign on Southern Hog Island. The figure shows the in situ measurements used in this study, covering marshes of three different ages established between ∼1850 to 2011.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Our HSI system being deployed in the field atop our BlueSky telescopic mast. (<b>b</b>) The different components of the HSI system. The Headwall hyperspectral sensor is housed within a maritime-rated General Dynamics Vector 20 pan-tilt unit. Our HSI system also incorporates a Vectornav VN-300 IMU-GPS to provide pointing information and GPS time-stamps. (<b>c</b>) A typical hyperspectral image obtained by our system on Hog Island at the VCR LTER.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Results of the EFAST study illustrating how variation in PROSAIL inputs affects the output reflectance. The SA is only reported for wavelengths in the VNIR (400–1000 nm). In (<b>a</b>) we have plotted the contribution of each individual PROSAIL model input, while in (<b>b</b>) we have combined the model parameters of interest for our study (LMA and LAI) and all other inputs. The results from the SA provided us with the range of wavelengths (400–500 nm and 720–1000 nm) to perform the inversion, where the contribution by LMA and LAI is significantly higher than all other model inputs.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Overview of the inversion scheme to retrieve aboveground biomass of <span class="html-italic">Spartina alterniflora</span> from imagery collected by a ground-based HSI system. After data preprocessing, the NDVI threshold mask is used to remove soil pixels from the image in the analysis. EFAST provides band selection, while optimization of the PROSAIL model to obtain LAI and LMA uses the Nelder–Mead algorithm [<a href="#B77-remotesensing-11-01385" class="html-bibr">77</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison between measured above ground biomass (g/m<sup>2</sup>) and values estimated through the inversion of PROSAIL.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Hyperspectral scenes (left image in each pair) and corresponding retrieved above ground biomass (g/m<sup>2</sup>) (right image in each pair) for marshes of various age: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 1850; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) 1974; and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) 2011.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The spatial distribution of the retrieved AGB for ROIs (shown in white) from <a href="#remotesensing-11-01385-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a> of the various marsh sites: (<b>a</b>) 1850 “short zone at panne edge”; (<b>b</b>) 1850 “tall zone at creek bank”; (<b>c</b>) 1974 “medium zone at lagoon edge”; (<b>d</b>) 1974 “short zone with hummock”; (<b>e</b>) 2011 “tall zone at lagoon edge”; and (<b>f</b>) 2011 “medium zone with die-off”. The first column shows the histogram at the original spatial resolution, in the second column the spatial resolution has been changed by a factor of four, and in column three by a factor of one hundred.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Field Survey
2.1. Study Area
2.2. In Situ Measurements
3. Hyperspectral Imaging Sensor
3.1. Design and Instrumentation
3.2. Image Acquisition and Processing
4. The PROSAIL Radiative Transfer Model
4.1. PROSAIL: Model Overview
4.2. PROSAIL: Inversion Methodology
4.3. PROSAIL: Spatial Resampling
5. Results
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
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Model | Parameter | Symbol | Unit | Range or Fixed Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
PROSPECT | Leaf Structure Parameter | N | N/A | 1–1.25 |
Chlorophyll a+b Content | μg/cm−2 | 10–101 | ||
Equivalent Water Thickness | EWT | cm | 0.001–0.02 | |
Leaf Mass Area | LMA | g/m−2 | 20–1000 | |
Brown Pigment | N/A | 0 | ||
Carotenoid Content | μg/cm−2 | 1–20 | ||
SAIL | Leaf Area Index | LAI | m2m−2 | 1–10 |
Hot Spot Factor | hspot | N/A | 0.5/LAI | |
Soil Factor | ρsoil | N/A | 0.2–1 | |
Two Leaf Inclination Distribution function (LIDF) | LIDFa/LIDFb | N/A | 1/0 | |
Sun Zenith Angle | sza | deg | / | |
View Zenith Angle | vza | deg | / | |
Relative Azimuth Angle | raa | deg | / |
Spatial Resolution | Mean | Standard Deviation | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marsh Site: 1850 “Short Zone at Panne Edge” | ||||
1 | 288 | 203 | 2.56 | 11.43 |
2 | 284 | 174 | 2.29 | 9.98 |
3 | 270 | 108 | 0.94 | 2.23 |
Marsh Site: 1850 “Tall Zone at Creekbank” | ||||
1 | 481 | 295 | 0.66 | −0.087 |
2 | 473 | 901 | 0.58 | −0.38 |
3 | 452 | 257 | 0.37 | −0.70 |
Marsh Site: 1974 “Medium Zone at Lagoon Edge” | ||||
1 | 841 | 641 | 0.22 | −1.41 |
2 | 793 | 566 | 0.40 | −1.12 |
3 | 732 | 444 | 0.62 | −0.72 |
Marsh Site: 1974 “Short Zone With Hummock” | ||||
1 | 822 | 584 | 0.21 | −1.23 |
2 | 786 | 535 | 0.26 | −1.05 |
3 | 656 | 396 | 0.25 | −0.27 |
Marsh Site: 2011 “Tall Zone at Lagoon Edge” | ||||
1 | 683 | 480 | 1.53 | 1.35 |
2 | 801 | 552 | 1.05 | −0.35 |
3 | 773 | 365 | 1.25 | 1.06 |
Marsh Site: 2011 “Medium Zone with Die-off” | ||||
1 | 858 | 501 | 1.13 | −0.28 |
2 | 1008 | 507 | 0.69 | −0.99 |
3 | 1149 | 437 | 0.41 | −1.22 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Eon, R.S.; Goldsmith, S.; Bachmann, C.M.; Tyler, A.C.; Lapszynski, C.S.; Badura, G.P.; Osgood, D.T.; Brett, R. Retrieval of Salt Marsh Above-Ground Biomass from High-Spatial Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery Using PROSAIL. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111385
Eon RS, Goldsmith S, Bachmann CM, Tyler AC, Lapszynski CS, Badura GP, Osgood DT, Brett R. Retrieval of Salt Marsh Above-Ground Biomass from High-Spatial Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery Using PROSAIL. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(11):1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111385
Chicago/Turabian StyleEon, Rehman S., Sarah Goldsmith, Charles M. Bachmann, Anna Christina Tyler, Christopher S. Lapszynski, Gregory P. Badura, David T. Osgood, and Ryan Brett. 2019. "Retrieval of Salt Marsh Above-Ground Biomass from High-Spatial Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery Using PROSAIL" Remote Sensing 11, no. 11: 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11111385