The Role of Red Meat and Flavonoid Consumption on Cancer Prevention: The Korean Cancer Screening Examination Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment for Red Meat and Flavonoid Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Red Meat Intake | Flavonoid Intake (Quartile) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<43 g/Day | ≥43 g/Day | p-Value 1 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value 1 | |
Men (n = 4402) | ||||||||
Age (years) | 51.2 ± 9.1 2 | 48.3 ± 9.3 | <0.0001 | 47.2 ± 9.1 | 48.8 ± 9.4 | 50.1 ± 9.3 | 51.1 ±9.1 | <0.0001 |
Income (≥4,000,000 KRW, %) | 55.4 | 62.2 | <0.0001 | 55.4 | 60.5 | 59.7 | 64.0 | 0.015 |
Marital status (married, %) | 93.9 | 93.0 | 0.081 | 92.2 | 93.5 | 93.2 | 94.4 | 0.037 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 73.4 | 78.9 | <0.0001 | 81.1 | 79.2 | 75.7 | 72.1 | <0.0001 |
Alcohol drinking (yes, %) | 85.6 | 86.5 | 0.268 | 85.6 | 86.7 | 86.4 | 86.0 | 0.192 |
Regular physical activity (yes, %) | 45.6 | 48.8 | 0.150 | 44.0 | 45.7 | 49.0 | 52.1 | <0.0001 |
Dietary intake from 3-day records | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2026.8 ± 474.0 | 2060.8 ± 457.2 | 0.0207 | 2024.9 ± 493.1 | 2051.1 ± 441.4 | 2085.6 ± 463.1 | 2034.6 ± 452.3 | <0.0001 |
Red meat intake (g/day) | 25.0 ± 18.2 | 117.1 ± 63.7 | <0.0001 | 95.6 ± 75.8 | 89.4 ± 67.5 | 84.1 ± 68.2 | 72.0 ± 59.3 | <0.0001 |
Fruits and vegetables (g/day) | 434.4 ± 293.8 | 390.4 ± 242.6 | <0.0001 | 261.2 ± 193.4 | 357.3 ± 207.3 | 436.0 ± 225.1 | 567.7 ± 306.2 | <0.0001 |
Dietary flavonoids intake (mg/day) 3 | 145.9 ± 133.2 | 126.2 ± 109.3 | <0.0001 | 44.5 ± 13.1 | 82.8 ± 11.8 | 132.4 ± 17.5 | 272.4 ± 160.5 | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 2.6 | 24.8 ±2.7 | 0.0161 | 24.7 ± 2.8 | 24.8 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | - |
Women (n = 3622) | ||||||||
Age (years) | 50.0 ± 9.0 | 46.4 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 | 46.2 ± 9.1 | 47.7 ± 9.3 | 48.3 ± 9.0 | 49.2 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
Income (≥4,000,000 KRW, %) | 46.3 | 51.8 | 0.002 | 50.0 | 50.4 | 50.1 | 48.3 | 0.892 |
Marital status (married, %) | 83.5 | 87.5 | <0.0001 | 84.9 | 88.2 | 86.2 | 84.5 | 0.044 |
Smoking (yes, %) | 5.5 | 7.8 | 0.045 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.102 |
Alcohol drinking (yes, %) | 42.6 | 51.2 | < 0.0001 | 50.0 | 50.5 | 45.6 | 47.4 | 0.261 |
Regular physical activity (yes, %) | 34.3 | 34.5 | 0.609 | 27.8 | 33.7 | 35.1 | 41.0 | <0.0001 |
Dietary intake from 3-day records | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1632.2 ± 418.3 | 1619.4 ± 396.7 | 0.3537 | 1581.6 ± 405.5 | 1629.9 ± 411.7 | 1657.9 ± 408.8 | 1629.0 ± 391.5 | <0.0001 |
Red meat intake (g/day) | 16.7 ± 14.1 | 86.8 ± 52.8 | <0.0001 | 65.0 ± 57.7 | 60.8 ± 53.9 | 57.6 ± 52.4 | 54.6 ± 52.5 | <0.0001 |
Fruits and vegetables (g/day) | 448.5 ± 276.3 | 398.6 ± 237.5 | <0.0001 | 276.6 ± 195.4 | 376.6 ± 118.6 | 453.6 ± 219.9 | 565.5 ± 283.0 | <0.0001 |
Dietary flavonoids intake (mg/day) 3 | 161.6 ± 136.7 | 143.6 ± 119.3 | <0.0001 | 49.8 ± 15.9 | 95.5 ± 13.9 | 152.8 ± 19.8 | 304.4 ± 162.8 | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.9 | 22.7 ± 3.0 | 0.0003 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 3.0 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | - |
Total Cancers (n = 443) | GI Cancer (n = 148) | Non-GI Cancer (n = 295) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | |||||||
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||||
Red meats (g/day) | |||||||||||||||
Men | |||||||||||||||
<43 | 82/15,333 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36/12,672 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46/13,546 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
≥43 | 175/28,932 | 1.31 | (1.01, 1.71) | 1.21 | (0.91, 1.61) | 65/26,213 | 1.14 | (0.76, 1.76) | 1.00 | (0.64, 1.55) | 110/25,595 | 1.45 | (1.03, 2.06) | 1.40 | (0.96, 2.03) |
p for trend | 0.045 | 0.180 | 0.495 | 0.993 | 0.034 | 0.077 | |||||||||
Women | |||||||||||||||
<43 | 77/14,320 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 23/11,394 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 54/12,692 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
≥43 | 109/22,342 | 1.00 | (0.74, 1.34) | 0.84 | (0.59, 1.22) | 24/20,883 | 0.89 | (0.50, 1.59) | 0.79 | (0.37, 1.71) | 85/19,834 | 1.03 | (0.73, 1.46) | 0.85 | (0.56, 1.29) |
p for trend | 0.977 | 0.367 | 0.702 | 0.557 | 0.857 | 0.440 | |||||||||
Flavonoid intake quartile | |||||||||||||||
Men | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 70/10,885 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 24/10,841 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46/9590 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 61/11,041 | 0.79 | (0.56, 1.11) | 0.81 | (0.56, 1.18) | 28/10,849 | 1.06 | (0.61, 1.83) | 1.22 | (0.67, 2.21) | 33/9785 | 0.65 | (0.42, 1.02) | 0.63 | (0.39, 1.02) |
Q3 | 65/11,088 | 0.78 | (0.56, 1.10) | 0.73 | (0.50, 1.06) | 27/10,955 | 0.93 | (0.54, 1.62) | 0.89 | (0.47, 1.66) | 38/9838 | 0.70 | (0.46, 1.08) | 0.65 | (0.41, 1.03) |
Q4 | 61/11,251 | 0.70 | (0.49, 0.99) | 0.69 | (0.47, 1.00) | 22/11,111 | 0.72 | (0.40, 1.28) | 0.76 | (0.40, 1.46) | 39/9929 | 0.69 | (0.45, 1.06) | 0.66 | (0.41, 1.06) |
p for trend | 0.073 | 0.075 | 0.174 | 0.208 | 0.229 | 0.199 | |||||||||
Women | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 43/9099 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 13/8962 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 31/8066 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 45/9090 | 1.00 | (0.66, 1.53) | 0.96 | (0.58, 1.59) | 12/9025 | 0.79 | (0.36, 1.74) | 0.69 | (0.25, 1.89) | 32/8071 | 1.02 | (0.62, 1.68) | 1.08 | (0.60, 1.94) |
Q3 | 53/9187 | 1.16 | (0.77, 1.74) | 0.94 | (0.57, 1.55) | 12/9160 | 0.76 | (0.34, 1.67) | 0.60 | (0.21, 1.71) | 41/8159 | 1.30 | (0.81, 2.07) | 1.09 | (0.61, 1.96) |
Q4 | 45/9287 | 0.96 | (0.63, 1.46) | 0.91 | (0.55, 1.53) | 10/9169 | 0.60 | (0.26, 1.38) | 0.41 | (0.14, 1.26) | 35/8223 | 1.10 | (0.67, 1.78) | 1.17 | (0.65, 2.11) |
p for trend | 0.884 | 0.727 | 0.254 | 0.128 | 0.631 | 0.619 |
Total Cancers (n = 443) | GI Cancer (n = 148) | Non-GI Cancer (n = 295) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoid Quartile | No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | No. of Cases/Person-Years | Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | ||||||
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||||
Red meat < 43 g | |||||||||||||||
Men | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 28/3732 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 11/3761 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 17/3300 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 16/3858 | 0.55 | (0.30, 1.02) | 0.52 | (0.28, 0.99) | 10/3778 | 0.90 | (0.38, 2.12) | 0.79 | (0.33, 1.93) | 6/3412 | 0.34 | (0.13, 0.87) | 0.36 | (0.14, 0.91) |
Q3 | 22/3821 | 0.70 | (0.40, 1.22) | 0.54 | (0.30, 0.99) | 9/3816 | 0.73 | (0.30, 1.77) | 0.50 | (0.19, 1.30) | 13/3388 | 0.68 | (0.33, 1.41) | 0.58 | (0.27, 1.26) |
Q4 | 16/3922 | 0.48 | (0.26, 0.89) | 0.41 | (0.21, 0.80) | 6/3860 | 0.47 | (0.17, 1.27) | 0.43 | (0.16, 1.19) | 10/3446 | 0.50 | (0.23, 1.10) | 0.41 | (0.17, 0.97) |
p for trend | 0.051 | 0.017 | 0.116 | 0.080 | 0.239 | 0.105 | |||||||||
Women | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 15/3590 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3/3546 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 12/3156 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 18/3548 | 1.13 | (0.57, 2.25) | 1.12 | (0.51, 2.49) | 8/3507 | 2.18 | (0.58, 8.29) | 1.83 | (0.32, 10.30) | 10/3154 | 0.82 | (0.35, 1.91) | 0.97 | (0.39, 2.42) |
Q3 | 28/3516 | 1.75 | (0.93, 3.30) | 1.62 | (0.77, 3.42) | 7/3556 | 1.89 | (0.48, 7.34) | 1.76 | (0.31, 9.89) | 22/3131 | 1.82 | (0.90, 3.70) | 1.66 | (0.72, 3.80) |
Q4 | 16/3666 | 0.99 | (0.49, 2.01) | 0.84 | (0.35, 2.04) | 5/3597 | 1.39 | (0.33, 5.83) | 1.22 | (0.20, 7.68) | 10/3251 | 0.81 | (0.35, 1.89) | 0.76 | (0.27, 2.13) |
p for trend | 0.993 | 0.764 | 0.960 | 0.942 | 0.907 | 0.776 | |||||||||
Red meat ≥ 43 g | |||||||||||||||
Men | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 43/7168 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15/7083 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 28/6319 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 38/7234 | 0.77 | (0.50, 1.21) | 0.77 | (0.48, 1.25) | 14/7118 | 0.80 | (0.38, 1.66) | 0.95 | (0.42, 2.17) | 24/6391 | 0.76 | (0.44, 1.31) | 0.68 | (0.38, 1.25) |
Q3 | 47/7233 | 0.91 | (0.60, 1.37) | 0.93 | (0.59, 1.46) | 19/7114 | 1.01 | (0.51, 2.01) | 1.11 | (0.50, 2.44) | 28/6418 | 0.84 | (0.50, 1.43) | 0.83 | (0.47, 1.47) |
Q4 | 47/7297 | 0.87 | (0.57, 1.32) | 0.93 | (0.58, 1.47) | 17/7228 | 0.85 | (0.42, 1.72) | 1.02 | (0.46, 2.30) | 30/6466 | 0.87 | (0.51, 1.46) | 0.87 | (0.50, 1.54) |
p for trend | 0.779 | 0.928 | 0.810 | 0.902 | 0.844 | 0.983 | |||||||||
Women | |||||||||||||||
Q1 | 28/5533 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 10/5436 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18/4939 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Q2 | 26/5534 | 0.91 | (0.53, 1.55) | 0.82 | (0.43, 1.58) | 4/5495 | 0.36 | (0.11, 1.16) | 0.38 | (0.09, 1.50) | 22/4891 | 1.22 | (0.65, 2.28) | 1.11 | (0.51, 2.41) |
Q3 | 23/5666 | 0.80 | (0.46, 1.38) | 0.48 | (0.23, 1.04) | 4/5608 | 0.36 | (0.11, 1.16) | 0.13 | (0.02, 1.08) | 19/5024 | 1.04 | (0.55, 1.99) | 0.71 | (0.30, 1.68) |
Q4 | 32/5609 | 1.01 | (0.64, 1.77) | 1.08 | (0.58, 2.01) | 6/5571 | 0.47 | (0.17, 1.31) | 0.33 | (0.08, 1.30) | 26/4980 | 1.41 | (0.77, 2.58) | 1.59 | (0.77, 3.31) |
p for trend | 0.730 | 0.705 | 0.264 | 0.130 | 0.314 | 0.197 |
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Kim, S.Y.; Wie, G.-A.; Cho, Y.-A.; Kang, H.-h.; Ryu, K.-A.; Yoo, M.-K.; Jun, S.; Kim, S.-A.; Ha, K.; Kim, J.; et al. The Role of Red Meat and Flavonoid Consumption on Cancer Prevention: The Korean Cancer Screening Examination Cohort. Nutrients 2017, 9, 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090938
Kim SY, Wie G-A, Cho Y-A, Kang H-h, Ryu K-A, Yoo M-K, Jun S, Kim S-A, Ha K, Kim J, et al. The Role of Red Meat and Flavonoid Consumption on Cancer Prevention: The Korean Cancer Screening Examination Cohort. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090938
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, So Young, Gyung-Ah Wie, Yeong-Ah Cho, Hyun-hee Kang, Kyoung-A. Ryu, Min-Kyong Yoo, Shinyoung Jun, Seong-Ah Kim, Kyungho Ha, Jeongseon Kim, and et al. 2017. "The Role of Red Meat and Flavonoid Consumption on Cancer Prevention: The Korean Cancer Screening Examination Cohort" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090938