Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults
<p>Study design, experimental testing days, and dietary protocol. Sweetened beverage (SB), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), automated self-administered 24-h (ASA 24-h) dietary assessment tool, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). * <2% added sugar. <sup>+</sup> Either 0% energy requirement (Ereq) as aspartame or 25% Ereq as glucose, fructose, HFCS or sucrose.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Body weight: The mean ± SEM of the absolute change (Week 2–Week 0) in body weight in subjects consuming either glucose-, fructose-, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverages for 2 weeks. Two-factor (SB group, sex) analysis of covariance with adjustment for outcome at Week 0; <sup>+</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, <sup>+++</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, least squares (LS) mean different from zero.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Energy compensation and intake during ad libitum food intake trials: Subjects consumed 3 ad libitum buffet meals at Week 0 and consumed identical meals with glucose-, fructose-, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverages at Week 2. (<b>A</b>) Mean ± SEM of the percent energy compensation for sugar-SB at Week 2 compared with Week 0 with < 100% denoting partial compensation. (<b>B</b>) Mean ± SEM of the % change in energy intake at Week 2 compared with Week 0. <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0069 effect of SB, 2-factor (SB group, sex) analysis of covariance with adjustment for BMI; <sup>+</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, <sup>+++</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, LS mean different from zero; a different from b, Tukey’s.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>24-h Leptin AUC: The mean ± SEM of the absolute change (Week 2–Week 0) in leptin AUC in subjects consuming either glucose-, fructose-, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-SB for 2 weeks. <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0009 effect of SB, 2-factor (SB group, sex) analysis of covariance with adjustment for % body fat and outcome at Week 0; <sup>+</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, <sup>+++</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, LS mean different from zero; a different from b, Tukey’s multiple comparison test.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Hydrogen breath after consuming SB: The change in peak hydrogen breath–0-h value in subjects consuming glucose-, fructose-, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-SB for 2 weeks. <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001 effect of SB, Kruskal–Wallis test; <sup>+++</sup> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; a different from b, Mann–Whitney unpaired tests for each SB versus fructose.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Protocol
2.2.1. Body Weight
2.2.2. Ad Libitum Food Intake Trials
2.2.3. 24-h Serial Blood Collections
2.2.4. Hydrogen Breath Collections
2.2.5. 24-h Recall of Outpatient Dietary Intake
2.2.6. Physical Activity
2.3. Assays and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight
3.2. Ad Libitum Food Intake Trials
3.3. Leptin
3.4. Glucose and Insulin
3.5. Hydrogen Malabsorption
3.6. Outpatient 24-h Dietary Intake and Physical Activity
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Aspartame | Glucose | Fructose | HFCS | Sucrose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 25.4 ± 6.2 | 26.0 ± 5.74 | 26.8 ± 6.2 | 26.8 ± 6.6 | 25.9 ± 6.3 |
Sex (M/F) | 11/12 | 15/13 | 15/13 | 15/13 | 12/12 |
Weight (kg) | 71.8 ± 10.6 | 75.5 ± 12.8 | 75.7 ± 12.9 | 72.8 ± 14.5 | 71.9 ± 12.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 25.8 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.7 | 24.9 ± 3.9 | 25.3 ± 3.4 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 75.2 ± 6.4 | 79.0 ± 9.3 | 77.8 ± 10.5 | 76.9 ± 10.1 | 75.4 ± 7.2 |
Body fat (%) | 27.1 ± 9.6 | 28.9 ± 8.4 | 28.9 ± 10.3 | 26.0 ± 9.7 | 29.1 ± 11.6 |
TG (mg/dL) | 100.5 ± 52.6 | 101.6 ± 47.2 | 99.3 ± 34.9 | 107.8 ± 50.1 | 113.6 ± 48.4 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 148.9 ± 25.5 | 161.8 ± 31.1 | 150.6 ± 24.8 | 157.6 ± 34.3 | 159.1 ± 23.1 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 39.4 ± 7.4 | 45.6 ± 14.9 | 44.4 ± 9.4 | 45.6 ± 13.7 | 42.9 ± 6.6 |
Blood pressure (mm Hg) | 69.2 ± 8.6/112.3 ± 11.5 | 73.8 ± 8.3/118.9 ± 11.2 | 71.5 ± 6.5/117 ± 9.8 | 72.2 ± 7.2/117.1 ± 9.9 | 72.2 ± 5.5/114.3 ± 8.4 |
Aspartame | Glucose | Fructose | HFCS | Sucrose | p Value Effect of SB | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 2 | Week 0 | Week 2 | Week 0 | Week 2 | Week 0 | Week 2 | Week 0 | Week 2 | ||
Body Weight (kg) 1 | 71.8 ± 2.2 | 71.7 ± 2.2 | 75.5 ± 2.4 | 76.1 ± 2.5 | 75.7 ± 2.4 | 75.8 ± 2.4 | 72.9 ± 2.7 | 73.7 ± 2.8 | 71.9 ± 2.5 | 72.4 ± 2.6 | 0.092 * |
Ad Lib Meal Energy Intake w/SB (kcal) 2 | 2900 ± 151 | 2727 ± 129 | 2910 ± 127 | 3034 ± 105 | 2816 ± 155 | 3005 ± 163 | 3089 ± 141 | 3304 ± 155 | 2793 ± 160 | 3155 ±178 | 0.0069 † |
Ad Lib Meal Energy Intake w/o SB (kcal) | 2900 ± 151 | 2727 ± 129 | 2910 ± 127 | 2426 ± 97 | 2816 ± 155 | 2393 ± 161 | 3089 ± 141 | 2706 ± 144 | 2793 ± 160 | 2567 ± 170 | - |
Sugar-SB (kcal) | - | - | - | 608 ± 15 | - | 612 ± 15 | - | 598 ± 17 | - | 588 ± 17 | - |
Leptin AUC (ng/mL × 24-h) 3 | 76.0 ± 13.7 | 84.7 ± 16.4 | 76.2 ± 9.5 | 82.0 ± 11.1 | 77.4 ± 11.2 | 63.7 ± 9.9 | 84.3 ± 14.7 | 83.7 ± 14.9 | 92.2 ± 17.8 | 117.3 ± 23.8 | 0.0009 * |
Leptin Amplitude (ng/mL) 4 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.2 ± 1.3 | 8.1 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 2.0 | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 2.1 | 9.7 ± 2.0 | 11.2 ± 2.4 | 0.0035 * |
Insulin AUC (pmol/L × 24-h) 5 | 513.4 ± 91.2 | 484.8 ± 78.4 | 474.9 ± 52.2 | 650.2 ± 83.7 | 568.6 ± 128.8 | 400.6 ± 65.3 | 449.1 ± 47.6 | 429.6 ± 42.7 | 447.9 ± 55.8 | 512.8 ± 48.2 | <0.0001 * |
Glucose AUC (mmol/L × 24-h) 6 | 171.1 ± 27.6 | 182.7 ± 25.1 | 155.6 ± 21.1 | 269.2 ± 20.1 | 183.6 ± 34.1 | 93.7 ± 20.2 | 195.0 ± 23.5 | 173.8 ± 25.5 | 144.0 ± 25.5 | 178.4 ± 27.7 | <0.0001 * |
Aspartame | Glucose | Fructose | HFCS | Sucrose | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfast (kcals) | −2 ± 62 ab | −13 ± 48 b | 58 ± 57 ab | 87 ± 42 ab | 236 ± 108 a |
Fat (g) | −0.2 ± 4.0 | −11.9 ± 2.8 | −8.0 ± 3.8 | −5.8 ± 2.9 | −1.5 ± 4.6 |
CHO (g) | 0.8 ± 5.7 ab | −18.7 ± 5.0 a | −13.3 ± 5.5 a | −8.8 ± 3.4 ab | 21.3 ± 16.3 b |
Fiber (g) | −0.2 ± 0.3 | −1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 1.2 |
Protein (g) | −0.1 ± 2.6 | −9.1 ± 2.3 | −6.4 ± 2.9 | −7.4 ± 2.4 | −4.2 ± 4.2 |
Sugar-SB (g) | - | 55.0 ± 1.3 | 55.5 ± 1.4 | 54.1 ± 1.5 | 53.2 ± 1.5 |
Lunch (kcals) | −47 ± 58 | 74 ± 61 | 51 ± 53 | 45 ± 40 | 30 ± 61 |
Fat (g) | 0.1 ± 3.3 | −5.8 ± 3.2 | −5.8 ± 3.2 | −5.8 ± 2.1 | −6.3 ± 3.1 |
CHO (g) | −10.7 ± 6.1 | −10.4 ± 5.7 | −15.7 ± 4.5 | −19.7 ± 4.2 | −18.0 ± 6.6 |
Fiber (g) | −0.3 ± 0.5 | −0.7 ± 0.4 | −0.3 ± 0.4 | −1.2 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.6 |
Protein (g) | −5.4 ± 2.9 | −9.6 ± 2.7 | −8.8 ± 2.6 | −7.7 ± 2.2 | −9.4 ± 2.8 |
Sugar-SB (g) | - | 55.0 ± 1.3 | 55.5 ± 1.4 | 54.1 ± 1.5 | 53.2 ± 1.5 |
Dinner (kcals) | −64 ± 56 | 63 ± 58 | 81 ± 50 | 77 ± 53 | 145 ± 37 |
Fat (g) | −1.0 ± 3.2 | −4.8 ± 2.8 | −6.3 ± 2.7 | −4.5 ± 2.8 | −1.4 ± 1.8 |
CHO (g) | −10.8 ± 4.9 | −18.3 ± 7.2 | −13.4 ± 5.2 | −13.6 ± 6.1 | −7.0 ± 4.0 |
Fiber (g) | −0.8 ± 0.4 | −2.8 ± 1.7 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | −1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.6 |
Protein (g) | −2.3 ± 3.3 | −4.2 ± 2.1 | −3.4 ± 2.2 | −5.3 ± 2.0 | −2.0 ± 1.5 |
Sugar-SB (g) | - | 55.0 ± 1.3 | 55.5 ± 1.4 | 54.1 ± 1.5 | 53.2 ± 1.5 |
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Sigala, D.M.; Widaman, A.M.; Hieronimus, B.; Nunez, M.V.; Lee, V.; Benyam, Y.; Bremer, A.A.; Medici, V.; Havel, P.J.; Stanhope, K.L.; et al. Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123893
Sigala DM, Widaman AM, Hieronimus B, Nunez MV, Lee V, Benyam Y, Bremer AA, Medici V, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL, et al. Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123893
Chicago/Turabian StyleSigala, Desiree M., Adrianne M. Widaman, Bettina Hieronimus, Marinelle V. Nunez, Vivien Lee, Yanet Benyam, Andrew A. Bremer, Valentina Medici, Peter J. Havel, Kimber L. Stanhope, and et al. 2020. "Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123893