The Protective Effects of 2’-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion
"> Figure 1
<p><span class="html-italic">Escherichia coli</span> O157 colonization and pathological section of ileum. (<b>A</b>) The colonization in ileum; (<b>B</b>) colonization in colon; (<b>C</b>) representative images of ileum tissue sections in the blank (CK) group (HE 100×); (<b>D</b>) representative images of ileum tissue sections in the FL group (HE 100×); (<b>E</b>) representative images of stained ileum tissue sections in the mode control (MC) group (HE 100×). Different letters (a, b) indicate significant differences among groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Relative mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and mucins, all normalized to β-actin mRNA expression. (<b>A</b>) Inflammatory cytokines in ileum; (<b>B</b>) inflammatory cytokines in colon; (<b>C</b>) expression of mucin in colon. Different letters (a–c) indicate significant differences of the same factor among groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Relative abundance, diversity, and function prediction of intestinal microbiome in different groups of mice: (<b>A</b>) Phylum level; (<b>B</b>) genus level; (<b>C</b>) dilution curve; (<b>D</b>) PCoA analysis based on operation taxonomic unit (OTU) results; (<b>E</b>) Tax4Fun analysis based on SILVA database.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Correlation analysis of environmental factors. (<b>A</b>) Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) analysis of microbial population distribution and environmental factors. Environmental factors are marked by arrows. The angle between the arrow line and the sorting axis indicates the correlation between environmental factors and the sorting axis. Environmental factors with a longer arrow had a higher correlation with the distribution of intestinal microbiome. (<b>B</b>) The significance of environmental factors was analyzed by envfit function. r is the determining coefficient of environmental factors on bacterial distribution; the larger the r value, the greater influence this environmental factor has on microbiome distribution. <span class="html-italic">p</span> is the significance level of correlation test. (<b>C</b>) As shown in the Spearman correlation thermogram, there were significant differences in the abundance of bacteria between different environmental factors. The colors range from blue (negative correlation) to red (positive correlation). A significant correlation is indicated by * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 and ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Total amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces before and after infection. (<b>A</b>) Before infection; (<b>B</b>) after infection. Levels of different types of SCFAs are reflected. Different letters (a, b) are used to express significant differences between total SCFAs (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Adhesion rate of <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> O157 and cell viability under infection. (<b>A</b>) Adhesion rates in each group at different concentrations; (<b>B</b>) cell viability. Significant differences are indicated by different letters (a–c) (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The mechanism of 2’-FL protection against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> O157 infection in the intestine. The tapered arrow indicates a promoting effect, while the flat end indicates an inhibiting effect. Mucoprotein-2, <span class="html-italic">MUC2</span>; short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs; histone deacetylases, HDACs; G protein-coupled receptors, GPRs; nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Determination of Infection in Mice
2.3. Preparation of Pathological Sections
2.4. Analysis of Inflammatory Levels in Serum and Intestine of the Mice
2.5. Analysis of mRNA Expression of Mucin- and Occludin-Related Genes
2.6. 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing of the Cecum of the Mice
2.7. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Quantification
2.8. Cell Culture and Adhesion Experiments
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. 2’-FL inhibit Colonization of E. Coli O157 in Intestine
3.2. 2’-FL Lowers Inflammatory Levels and the mRNA Expression of Mucin- and Occludin-Related Genes
3.3. Effects of 2’-FL on Gut Microbiota Composition
3.4. 2’-FL Increases Content of SCFAs in Colon
3.5. 2’-FL Inhibits Adhesion of E. Coli O157 to Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | IL-6 (pg/mL) | IL-1β (pg/mL) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Serum | CK | 76.61 ± 6.02 a | 13.86 ± 1.45 a | 35.78 ± 6.19 a |
MC | 165.87 ± 5.63 b | 37.42 ± 2.42 b | 78.24 ± 5.75 b | |
FL | 100.85 ± 8.44 c | 17.59 ± 1.21 c | 48.99 ± 5.40 c | |
Ileum | CK | 170.72 ± 13.00 a | 16.82 ± 0.97 a | 40.34 ± 3.19 a |
MC | 210.68 ± 8.97 b | 42.03 ± 2.49 b | 77.89 ± 6.49 b | |
FL | 191.19 ± 9.66 c | 28.67 ± 1.72 c | 49.26 ± 4.06 c | |
Colon | CK | 74.95 ± 3.77 a | 14.64 ± 0.74 a | 36.77 ± 1.85 a |
MC | 160.40 ± 8.06 b | 34.30 ± 1.72 b | 60.14 ± 3.03 b | |
FL | 147.38 ± 7.40 a | 25.62 ± 1.29 c | 45.61 ± 2.29 c |
Group | Acetic Acid (μmol/g) | Propionic Acid (μmol/g) | Butyric Acid (μmol/g) | Valeric Acid (μmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 43.45 ± 5.92 a | 12.98 ± 2.37 a | 14.32 ± 1.90 a | 5.04 ± 0.73 a |
MC | 30.06 ± 6.97 b | 6.74 ± 1.68 b | 7.51 ± 1.58 b | 3.92 ± 0.41 b |
FL | 45.98 ± 4.97 a | 13.93 ± 1.90 a | 14.26 ± 1.71 a | 4.77 ± 0.30 a |
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Wang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Wang, J.; Ma, H.; Zhang, B.; Wang, S. The Protective Effects of 2’-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051284
Wang Y, Zou Y, Wang J, Ma H, Zhang B, Wang S. The Protective Effects of 2’-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051284
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuanyifei, Yan Zou, Jin Wang, Hui Ma, Bowei Zhang, and Shuo Wang. 2020. "The Protective Effects of 2’-Fucosyllactose Against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051284