Pulse Crop Effects on Gut Microbial Populations, Intestinal Function, and Adiposity in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity
<p>Effect of feeding pulse diets on body weight. HF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, LF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Bean <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8, Lentil <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8; HF: high fat; LF: low fat. Values are means ± SEM. Differences among groups at each timepoint were not statistically significant.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effect of feeding pulse diets on cecal bacteria populations. (<b>A</b>) 16S Ct for 20 ng genomic DNA, mean ± SEM; ANOVA:LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001; HF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001; LF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0443 (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">Akkermansia muciniphilia</span> ∆Ct, ANOVA: LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0071, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0001, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.9300, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.2131, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001; HF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.1342; LF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0006 (<b>C</b>) Firmicutes ∆Ct, ANOVA: LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.7762, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0370, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.1450, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.8696, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0052; HF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0937; LF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.1497 (<b>D</b>) Bacteroidetes ∆Ct, ANOVA: LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0003, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0001, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001; HF Control vs. all pulses p = < 0.0001; LF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.2189; FC relative to HF control diet; <sup>*</sup> different relative to HF control diet (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05); <sup>#</sup> different relative to LF control diet (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05); FC calculated relative to HF Control; HF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, LF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Bean <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8, Lentil <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8; FC: fold change; HF: high fat, LF: low fat.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) expression. (<b>A</b>) 18S Ct, ANOVA: LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0268, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.9537, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.3215, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.5767, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.2114; (<b>B</b>) FXR ∆Ct, ANOVA: LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.6239, Bean <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.1225, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.2717, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.1044, Lentil <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0787; <sup>*</sup> different relative to HF Control (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05); <sup>#</sup> different relative to LF Control (<span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05). Fold change was calculated relative to HF Control; ANOVA: HF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05, LF Control vs. all pulses <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.01, HF Control vs. LF Control <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.26; HF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, LF Control <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Bean <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6, Chickpea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7, Dry Pea <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8, Lentil <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8; HF: high fat; LF: low fat.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Metabolite variation among pulse types. Principal component analysis (PCA, top) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA, bottom) was performed on 17 varieties spanning four pulse types. The data matrix consisted of 2433 metabolites for <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 2 replicates per variety. Figures are scores plots for select components of the PCA and OPLS-DA.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Necropsy
2.4. RNA Transcript Expression
2.5. Bacterial Quantification by qPCR
2.6. Histology
2.6.1. Histology and Image Acquisition
2.6.2. Morphometric Analysis
2.6.3. Metabolite Extraction, Detection, and Data Processing
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Pulses on Growth
3.2. Effect of Pulses on Cecal Bacteria Populations
3.3. Effect of Pulses on Ileal FXR Expression
3.4. Effect of Pulses on Intestinal Morphometry
3.5. Effect of Pulses on Adiposity
3.6. Metabolite Variation among Pulse Types
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diet 1 | Ileum | Ascending Colon | Transverse Colon | Descending Colon |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-fat control | 252.1 ± 41.1 a | 92.2 ± 9.3 b | 182.2 ± 23.7 f | 135.9 ± 9.6 k |
Low-fat control | 262.4 ± 18.0 a | 93.3 ± 6.9 b, c | 207.3 ± 34.1 f, g | 150.1 ± 10.4 k, l |
Bean | 274.5 ± 29.5 a | 82.2 ± 11.7 d | 214.1 ± 13.1 f, g, h | 153.9 ± 16.6 l, m |
Chickpea | 269.7 ± 35.4 a | 89.5 ± 6.3 b, c, d | 239.1 ± 50.6 g, i | 139.6 ± 17.1 k, l, m |
Dry Pea | 272.2 ± 27.5 a | 77.7 ± 7.6 d, e | 244.2 ± 53.2 g, i | 152.7 ± 14.6 l, m |
Lentil | 255.6 ± 24.5 a | 86.9 ± 8.4 b, c, d | 257.6 ± 23.6 i, j | 166.0 ± 19.1 m, n |
p-values | ||||
0.4676 | 0.0182 | 0.0015 | 0.0525 |
Diet 1 | Subcutaneous Fat (mg/mm) 2 | Sum Visceral Fat(mg/mm) 2 | Tibia(mm) |
---|---|---|---|
High-fat control | 138.7 ± 22.1 a | 246.5 ± 25.8 d | 17.8 ± 0.2 g, h, k, l |
Low-fat control | 74.3 ± 13.8 b | 169.4 ± 14.7 e | 17.9 ± 0.2 h, k |
Bean | 122.9 ± 15.8 c | 231.8 ± 8.2 d, f | 17.3 ± 0.5 i, j, k, l |
Chickpea | 124.1 ± 22.1 c | 229.2 ± 22.6 f | 17.1 ± 0.3 j |
Dry Pea | 119.2 ± 21.2 c | 226.6 ± 15.7 f | 17.6 ± 0.3 k, l |
Lentil | 123.4 ± 20.8 c | 229.7 ± 22.2 d, f | 17.5 ± 0.3 l |
p-values | |||
< 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0009 |
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McGinley, J.N.; Fitzgerald, V.K.; Neil, E.S.; Omerigic, H.M.; Heuberger, A.L.; Weir, T.L.; McGee, R.; Vandemark, G.; Thompson, H.J. Pulse Crop Effects on Gut Microbial Populations, Intestinal Function, and Adiposity in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2020, 12, 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030593
McGinley JN, Fitzgerald VK, Neil ES, Omerigic HM, Heuberger AL, Weir TL, McGee R, Vandemark G, Thompson HJ. Pulse Crop Effects on Gut Microbial Populations, Intestinal Function, and Adiposity in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):593. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030593
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcGinley, John N., Vanessa K. Fitzgerald, Elizabeth S. Neil, Heather M. Omerigic, Adam L. Heuberger, Tiffany L. Weir, Rebecca McGee, George Vandemark, and Henry J. Thompson. 2020. "Pulse Crop Effects on Gut Microbial Populations, Intestinal Function, and Adiposity in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030593