Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D
<p>Vitamin D and human skin. Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> is synthesized endogenously in UV-B exposed human skin (<b>A</b>). During the past 10–30,000 years this essential need to synthesize vitamin D<sub>3</sub> was an evolutionary driver for skin lightening of modern humans migrating from Africa towards Europe and Asia (<b>B</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Gene regulation by vitamin D and its physiological impact. Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, produced endogenously in skin or taken up by diet or supplementation, is converted in the liver into 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> and then in the kidneys into the high-affinity vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligand 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> (<b>A</b>). Ligand-activated VDR binds genome-wide to some 5–20,000 sites within accessible chromatin (<b>B</b>). Some of these epigenome-wide effects translate into the changes of the transcriptome, i.e., the activation (or repression) of vitamin D target genes. The main physiological processes regulated by these genes are cellular metabolism, such as calcium homeostasis important for bone formation, and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, such as improving the response to infectious microbes, reducing chronic inflammation and preventing autoimmune disease (<b>C</b>).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Vitamin D and the epigenome. Chromatin is segregated into non-accessible heterochromatin and euchromatin, where VDR can find its genomic binding sites (<b>A</b>). Vitamin D can influence the epigenome in multiple ways (<b>B</b>), such as increasing genomic VDR binding (I), affecting the binding of pioneer transcription factor (II), influencing CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) binding and the formation of topologically associated domains (TADs) (III) and changing histone modifications and chromatin accessibility (IV).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Clinical benefits of optimized vitamin D action. The vitamin D response index segregates individuals into high, mid, and low vitamin D responders and allows a more accurate monitoring of vitamin D effects in clinical setups, such as a prevention of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, autoimmune diseases, and possibly even cancer. The index is based on individual’s genetic and epigenetic status, but does not depend on their vitamin D status. It is determined primarily via changes of the transcriptome (i.e., mRNA transcription of vitamin D target genes) of vitamin D responding tissues, such as PBMCs. FC, fold change.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin D3
3. Vitamin D and Human Genetic Adaptation
4. Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Metabolism and Immunity
5. Nutritional Epigenomics
6. Epigenomics of Vitamin D
7. Personalized Response to Vitamin D
8. Clinical Impact of Vitamin D Nutrigenomics
9. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carlberg, C. Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2019, 11, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030676
Carlberg C. Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D. Nutrients. 2019; 11(3):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030676
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlberg, Carsten. 2019. "Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030676