Origin of Minerals and Elements in the Late Permian Coal Seams of the Shiping Mine, Sichuan, Southwestern China
"> Figure 1
<p>Distribution of Late Permian Emeishan basalts in southwestern China [<a href="#B13-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The sedimentary sequences of the Shiping mine.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Macerals in the coal samples, reflected light, and oil immersion. (<b>A</b>) collodetrinite, collotelinite, semifusinite, and inertodetrinite in sample C25-1; (<b>B</b>) telinite in sample C25-2; (<b>C</b>) vitrodetrinite in sample C25-1; (<b>D</b>) fusinite with swelling cells in sample C25-3; (<b>E</b>) micrinite in sample C25-3; (<b>F</b>) macrinite in sample C25-3.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>SEM back-scattered electron images of discrete particles and fracture-filling kaolinite in sample C19-1 (<b>A</b>); and cell-filling kaolinite and quartz in sample C25-2 (<b>B</b>).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Pyrite in the C25 coal. (<b>A</b>) Particles of pyrite in sample C25-2; (<b>B</b>) cell-filling pyrite in sample C25-3; (<b>C</b>) framboidal pyrite in sample C25-3; (<b>D</b>) needle-like forms combined with marcasite in sample C25-3. Optical microscope, reflected light.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Pyrite in the C25 coal. (<b>A</b>) Particles of pyrite in sample C25-2; (<b>B</b>) cell-filling pyrite in sample C25-3; (<b>C</b>) framboidal pyrite in sample C25-3; (<b>D</b>) needle-like forms combined with marcasite in sample C25-3. Optical microscope, reflected light.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Quartz in sample C19-1. (<b>A</b>) Particles of quartz; (<b>B</b>) fracture-filling quartz. Optical microscope, reflected light.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Calcite in C25-2. Optical microscope, reflected light. (<b>A</b>) Fracture-filling calcite and; (<b>B</b>) Fracture-filling calcite.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Back-scattered electron images of (<b>A</b>) Ti-oxide and (<b>B</b>) fluocerite in C25-3.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>SEM back-scattered electron images of (<b>A</b>) fracture-filling chalcopyrite; (<b>B</b>) irregular granular of titaniferous magnetite and a vermicular texture in the kaolinite; (<b>C</b>) acicular idiomorphic crystals of apatite; and (<b>D</b>) phenocrysts of Ti-augite in C19-r.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>SEM back-scattered electron images of marcasite in C25-f. (<b>A</b>) Marcasite and claystone; (<b>B</b>) Marcasite.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Variations of ash yield and selected major elements (%) through the roof, coal seam, and floor section of the Shiping C19 and C25 coal.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Concentration coefficients (CCs) of trace elements in the Shiping coals, normalized by average trace element concentrations in hard coals of the world [<a href="#B28-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">28</a>] and based on the trace-element enrichment classification [<a href="#B29-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Concentration coefficients (CCs) of trace elements in the Shiping roof and floor samples, normalized by average trace element concentrations in clay of the world [<a href="#B30-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Distribution patterns of REE in the coal samples from the Shiping mine. REE are normalized by Upper Continental Crust (UCC) [<a href="#B32-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. (<b>A</b>) Distribution patterns of REE in sample C19-1 and C25-1; (<b>B</b>) Distribution patterns of REE in sample C25-2; (<b>C</b>) Distribution patterns of REE in sample C25-3.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Distribution patterns of REE in the roof and floor samples from the Shiping mine. REE are normalized by Upper Continental Crust (UCC) [<a href="#B32-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. (<b>A</b>) Distribution patterns of REE in sample C19-r; (<b>B</b>) Distribution patterns of REE in sample C25-f.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Images of C19-r and C25-f samples collected from the Shiping mine.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Distribution patterns of REE in the (<b>A</b>) high-Ti basalts [<a href="#B10-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">10</a>] and C19-r; and (<b>B</b>) the coal in Lvshuidong [<a href="#B5-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">5</a>] and C25-3. REE are normalized by Upper Continental Crust (UCC) [<a href="#B32-minerals-06-00074" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Samples and Analytical Procedures
4. Results
4.1. Coal Chemistry and Coal Petrology
4.2. Modes of Occurrence of Minerals
4.3. Concentration and Distribution of Major and Trace Elements
4.3.1. Major Element Oxides
4.3.2. Trace Elements
4.3.3. Rare Earth Elements
5. Discussion
5.1. C19 Coal Seam and Basalt
5.2. C25 Coals and Volcanic Ashes of Alkali Rhyolites
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Thickness | Mad | Ad | Vdaf | St,d | Ss,d | Sp,d | So,d | Ro,ran | Qgr,d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C19-1 | 50 | 1.75 | 17.42 | 9.14 | 0.59 | nd | nd | nd | 2.30 | 29.35 |
C25-1 | 40 | 2.70 | 16.52 | 13.90 | 6.53 | 2.11 | 3.58 | 0.84 | 2.21 | 28.13 |
C25-2 | 40 | 1.32 | 16.66 | 13.04 | 1.45 | 0.33 | 1.08 | 0.05 | 2.23 | 28.99 |
C25-3 | 50 | 1.58 | 44.54 | 27.84 | 2.59 | 0.81 | 1.40 | 0.38 | 2.10 | 15.45 |
Samples | Cd | Ct | T | Cg | Vd | T-V | F | Sf | Ma | Mi | Sc | Id | T-I |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C19-1 | 47.9 | 32.7 | 0.4 | bdl | 2.7 | 83.7 | 0.4 | 8.6 | 1.6 | 0.4 | bdl | 5.4 | 16.3 |
C25-1 | 54.5 | 21.8 | bdl | bdl | 2.3 | 78.6 | bdl | 14.4 | 4.3 | bdl | bdl | 2.7 | 21.4 |
C25-2 | 60.8 | 25.2 | 0.4 | bdl | 0.7 | 87.1 | bdl | 7.2 | 2.9 | bdl | bdl | 2.9 | 12.9 |
C25-3 | 51.1 | 19.6 | 0.9 | bdl | 2.3 | 74.0 | bdl | 10.0 | 8.7 | 0.5 | bdl | 6.8 | 26.0 |
Minerals | C19-r | C19-1 | C25-1 | C25-2 | C25-3 | C25-f |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LTAs | - | 17.58 | 24.94 | 20.21 | 49.35 | - |
Kaolinite | 34.5 | 34.8 | 51.2 | 27.6 | 65.5 | 80.3 |
Illite | 9.8 | 15.5 | - | - | - | - |
I/S mixed-layer | 26.6 | 1.6 | - | - | - | - |
Quartz | 19.8 | 26.6 | 1.4 | - | - | - |
Pyrite | 0.4 | 7.4 | 27.9 | 3 | 3.4 | 5.4 |
Marcasite | - | 10.3 | - | - | - | - |
Anatase | 4.9 | - | 3.1 | - | - | - |
Rutile | - | - | 6.8 | - | - | - |
Calcite | 0.4 | - | 7.3 | 66 | 28.4 | 4.1 |
Siderite | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
Jarosite | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Bassanite | - | 3.7 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 2.7 | - |
Gypsum | - | - | - | - | - | 8.2 |
Elements | C19-r | C19-1 | C25-1 | C25-2 | C25-3 | C25-f |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness | - | 50 | 40 | 40 | 50 | - |
SiO2 | 43.4 | 13.5 | 4.75 | 4.20 | 16.1 | 25.5 |
TiO2 | 3.88 | 0.279 | 0.291 | 0.229 | 0.482 | 0.934 |
Al2O3 | 22.5 | 1.88 | 4.51 | 4.12 | 14.5 | 22.4 |
Fe2O3 | 1.90 | 0.337 | 5.50 | 1.40 | 2.70 | 4.49 |
MnO | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.037 | 0.017 | 0.004 |
MgO | 0.363 | 0.096 | 0.066 | 0.064 | 0.176 | 0.192 |
CaO | 0.708 | 0.426 | 0.389 | 3.78 | 5.75 | 2.63 |
Na2O | 0.480 | 0.053 | 0.050 | 0.022 | 0.055 | 0.057 |
K2O | 1.15 | 0.017 | 0.066 | 0.031 | 0.122 | 0.228 |
P2O5 | 0.403 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.026 |
LOI | 24.6 | 82.9 | 83.9 | 83.6 | 56.2 | 39.8 |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 1.93 | 7.19 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.11 | 1.14 |
Li | 49.1 | 9.97 | 21.7 | 33.2 | 178 | 343 |
Be | 3.38 | 2.89 | 7.73 | 16.2 | 9.47 | 9.29 |
F | 787 | 36.8 | 77.2 | 52.4 | 342 | 480 |
Sc | 22.6 | 5.00 | 6.79 | 4.07 | 8.96 | 15.3 |
V | 331 | 38.5 | 61.0 | 26.3 | 646 | 2904 |
Cr | 118 | 12.7 | 24.1 | 13.8 | 282 | 1837 |
Co | 16.2 | 17.9 | 2.61 | 2.35 | 3.83 | 20.0 |
Ni | 36.9 | 34.6 | 14.8 | 9.65 | 46.2 | 166 |
Cu | 278 | 20.6 | 14.8 | 9.42 | 29.2 | 95.8 |
Zn | 300 | 13.9 | 20.4 | 14.7 | 80.6 | 71.5 |
Ga | 38.0 | 4.06 | 12.8 | 9.01 | 36.5 | 75.3 |
Ge | 2.47 | 0.93 | 3.79 | 8.62 | 10.3 | 4.80 |
As | 11.4 | 1.66 | 3.29 | 2.67 | 7.98 | 25.2 |
Se | 22.2 | 4.02 | 5.09 | 4.09 | 22.8 | 63.2 |
Rb | 33.7 | 0.496 | 1.53 | 0.554 | 3.43 | 6.02 |
Sr | 759 | 77.9 | 164 | 325 | 301 | 177 |
Y | 69.2 | 10.6 | 20.2 | 17.1 | 197 | 137 |
Zr | 613 | 82.7 | 228 | 125 | 1744 | 1648 |
Nb | 91.3 | 11.4 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 192 | 131 |
Mo | 20.0 | 0.868 | 1.31 | 0.707 | 3.82 | 24.2 |
Cd | 1.63 | 0.210 | 0.666 | 0.432 | 14.6 | 17.9 |
In | 0.183 | 0.046 | 0.020 | 0.045 | 0.226 | 0.563 |
Sn | 4.88 | 0.831 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 7.89 | 12.6 |
Sb | 1.26 | 0.097 | 0.251 | 0.177 | 0.966 | 7.63 |
Cs | 4.07 | 0.071 | 0.206 | 0.069 | 1.06 | 1.82 |
Ba | 223 | 13.5 | 18.3 | 9.47 | 46.3 | 78.0 |
REE | 703 | 40.7 | 73.8 | 124 | 1037 | 1323 |
La | 127 | 5.48 | 11.4 | 25.4 | 173 | 221 |
Ce | 274 | 11.7 | 19.5 | 44.3 | 322 | 533 |
Pr | 29.8 | 1.29 | 2.13 | 5.21 | 42.5 | 54.6 |
Nd | 117 | 4.72 | 7.72 | 18.1 | 159 | 224 |
Sm | 26.0 | 1.08 | 1.77 | 3.15 | 30.6 | 39.8 |
Eu | 6.45 | 0.254 | 0.416 | 0.436 | 2.82 | 3.26 |
Gd | 22.5 | 1.34 | 2.32 | 3.44 | 32.2 | 36.5 |
Tb | 2.76 | 0.222 | 0.438 | 0.493 | 4.87 | 5.07 |
Dy | 13.1 | 1.39 | 2.97 | 2.67 | 28.6 | 27.3 |
Ho | 2.46 | 0.313 | 0.636 | 0.535 | 6.01 | 5.58 |
Er | 6.35 | 0.969 | 1.92 | 1.46 | 17.5 | 15.6 |
Tm | 0.878 | 0.149 | 0.282 | 0.203 | 2.50 | 2.37 |
Yb | 5.48 | 0.994 | 1.85 | 1.26 | 16.1 | 15.6 |
Lu | 0.804 | 0.159 | 0.280 | 0.189 | 2.35 | 2.39 |
Hf | 13.7 | 1.78 | 3.51 | 3.01 | 38.2 | 28.0 |
Ta | 5.43 | 0.619 | 0.835 | 0.930 | 5.16 | 5.93 |
Hg (ppb) | 59.8 | 19.5 | 396 | 197 | 372 | 621 |
Tl | 0.077 | 0.004 | 0.188 | 0.045 | 0.083 | 0.115 |
Pb | 66.6 | 6.18 | 12.5 | 2.19 | 12.6 | 29.1 |
Bi | 0.164 | 0.212 | 0.146 | 0.205 | 0.427 | 0.598 |
Th | 17.8 | 3.20 | 4.19 | 4.61 | 16.9 | 28.0 |
U | 4.34 | 0.753 | 2.33 | 1.30 | 155 | 505 |
Samples | V | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Zr | Nb | Hf | Ta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C19-r | 331 | 118 | 16.2 | 36.9 | 278 | 300 | 38.0 | 613 | 91.3 | 13.7 | 5.43 |
High-Ti Basalt | 374 | 71.0 | 40.3 | 63.5 | 248 | 131 | 23.9 | 391 | 48.5 | 8.51 | 2.97 |
Low-Ti Basalt | 289 | 230 | 44.5 | 124 | 109 | 90.7 | 19.9 | 129 | 13.4 | 3.05 | 0.773 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Luo, Y.; Zheng, M. Origin of Minerals and Elements in the Late Permian Coal Seams of the Shiping Mine, Sichuan, Southwestern China. Minerals 2016, 6, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6030074
Luo Y, Zheng M. Origin of Minerals and Elements in the Late Permian Coal Seams of the Shiping Mine, Sichuan, Southwestern China. Minerals. 2016; 6(3):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6030074
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Yangbing, and Mianping Zheng. 2016. "Origin of Minerals and Elements in the Late Permian Coal Seams of the Shiping Mine, Sichuan, Southwestern China" Minerals 6, no. 3: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6030074