Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China
<p>(<b>a</b>) Tectonic sketch map of China and location of the Sichuan Basin. (<b>b</b>) Distributions and thickness of the Maokou Formation dolomite and basement faults. (<b>c</b>) Stratigraphy of the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin. The yellow colour is dolomite reservoir, GR = natural gamma-ray logging.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Correlation between wells drilled around the No. 15 basement fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin and outcropped Maokou Formation. The yellow colour is the reservoir, and the five-pointed star is the samples.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Field photographs showing the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin. (<b>a</b>) Maokou Formation dolomite is macroscopically layered and patchy in Tuotuoba section ((<b>a<sub>1</sub></b>) zebra-like structures, caves, and chert nodule (Cht) in the dolomite; (<b>a<sub>2</sub></b>) Fissures are filled with dolomite content (CD); (<b>a<sub>3</sub></b>) Caves are filled with dolomite and calcite content (CC). (<b>b</b>) Maokou Formation dolomite is macroscopically either layered or patchy in Fangniuba section ((<b>b<sub>1</sub></b>) CD is parallel distributed in the dolomite; (<b>b<sub>2</sub></b>,<b>b<sub>3</sub></b>) CD is in the crumby and zebra-like structures).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Core characteristics of Permian Maokou Formation dolomite reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin. (<b>a</b>) Micro-cracks developed in dense limestone (Lime) and were filled with CD, TL7, 5106.6 m; (<b>b</b>) Karst caves associated with cracks were both developed in gray MD; the caves were filled with CD and CC in sequence, TL601, 5534.1 m; (<b>c</b>) Cracks were developed in gray MD and filled with CD, TL601, 5530.3 m; (<b>d</b>) Cht were developed in gray MD, and floating MD, chert breccia, and CD are seen in veins. TL601, 5528.4 m; (<b>e</b>) Cht were cut by network cracks, and the cracks were filled with CD. TL601, 5528.4 m; (<b>f</b>) Echelon fractures are developed in gray MD and partially filled with CD, with a small number of residual pores developed. TL6, 5490.3 m; (<b>g</b>) The cross-section of the rock core of d, floating matrix dolomite, and chert breccia can be seen in the network cracks; (<b>h</b>) The cross-section of the rock core of e, MD, was associated with flint nodules; (<b>i</b>) In the cross-section of the rock core of f, the pyrite crystals (Py) precipitate in the MD, and a small amount of sphalerite (Sph) and CD were developed in the fracture veins.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Cathodoluminescence characteristics of the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the eastern Sichuan Basin. (<b>a</b>) fine-grained matrix dolomite (MD) exhibits dull red luminescence; (<b>b</b>) Cave is filled with calcite (CC) and saddle dolomite (SD), surrounding rock is limestone (Lime), and the CC is cut through by later SD, TL7; (<b>c</b>) Cathode luminescence of (<b>b</b>), the CC is dark red and dolomite content (CD) is shiny red; (<b>d</b>) Cave is filled with CD, barite (Brt), fluorite (Fl), and CC in sequence, TL601; (<b>e</b>) Cave is sequentially filled with sphalerite (Sph) SD, the surrounding rock is MD, TL6; (<b>f</b>) Cathode luminescence of (<b>e</b>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Pore space characteristics of the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the eastern Sichuan Basin. (<b>a</b>) Caves associated with fractures are developed in dolomite, filled with Qt, CD, and CC, with a small number of residual caves and pores which have not been fully filled (blue arrow), Tuotuoba section; (<b>b</b>) Zebra-like structures and residual caves and pores (blue arrow), Tuotuoba section; (<b>c</b>) Karst caves associated with fractures were developed in dolomite, with a cemented dolomite rim and coarse calcite visible. Most of the space in the caves is not filled; TL6, 5503.8 m [<a href="#B5-minerals-14-00803" class="html-bibr">5</a>]; (<b>d</b>) A small number of intergranular pores were developed in the MD; TL6, 5510.0 m [<a href="#B5-minerals-14-00803" class="html-bibr">5</a>]; (<b>e</b>) The karst caves in the MD were mainly filled with SD, with a small amount of residual karst pores developed. TL6, 5490.3 m; (<b>f</b>) Multiple sets of fractures are developed within the MD, which have not been fully filled by the SD, and a small number of residual pores are also developed.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>C and O isotopes of different diagenetic phases and limestone in the Permian Maokou Formation.</p> "> Figure 8
<p><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values of different diagenetic phases and limestone in the Permian Maokou Formation (the <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios of Permian seawater (0.70662–0.70774, [<a href="#B40-minerals-14-00803" class="html-bibr">40</a>]) were marked for comparison).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>REEs in different diagenetic phases and limestone of the Permian Maokou Formation. (<b>a</b>) LM (<b>b</b>) MD (<b>c</b>) SD (<b>d</b>) CC.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>In situ U-Pb ages of different diagenetic phases in the Permian Maokou Formation.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Photographs of fluid inclusions within different diagenetic phases in the Permian Maokou Formation. (<b>a</b>) Matrix dolomite (<b>b</b>) Saddle dolomite (<b>c</b>) Calcite 1 (<b>d</b>) Calcite 2 (<b>e</b>) Quartz 1 (<b>f</b>) Quartz 2.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Homogenization temperature (<b>a</b>) and salinity of fluid inclusions (<b>b</b>) in different diagenetic phases and limestone of the Permian Maokou Formation.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Relationship between burial history and diagenetic events of Permian strata in Fangniuba area, eastern Sichuan Basin [<a href="#B44-minerals-14-00803" class="html-bibr">44</a>] and the U-Pb ages of the MD, SD, and CC.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Schematic model illustrating hydrothermal dolomitization in the Permian Maokou Formation [<a href="#B32-minerals-14-00803" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Dolomitization of the Permian Maokou Formation can be divided into three stages: micritic limestone and micritic bioclastic limestone were developed in an open platform during the sedimentary period; high heat flow facilitated the long-lasting dolomitization, which resulted to the formation of fine-grained dolomite in the penecontemporaneous stage. The magnesium-rich fluid from the deep source rose along the fault and entered the gractures and vugs, forming asddle dolomite.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Sampling and Testing Methods
4. Results
4.1. Lithological Features
4.2. C, O, and Sr Isotopes and REEs
4.3. U-Pb Chronology
4.4. Homogenization Temperature of Fluid Inclusions
5. Discussion
5.1. Dolomitization Time, Fluid Source, and Process
5.2. Relationship between Multi-Stage Diagenetic Fluid Activities and Reservoir Development
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The diagenetic fluids of matrix dolomite were mainly Permian seawater, while those of saddle dolomite were derived from deep, high-temperature formation brine.
- (2)
- The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite yield a dominanted age of 245–260 Ma. The timing of hydrothermal dolomitization is consistent with the active period of the ELIP. The deep geological processes not only provided dolomitization fluids but also provided the necessary thermal energy for the formation of the dolomite.
- (3)
- Hydrothermal dolomitization was conducive to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline pores and dissolution pores, but it also formed saddle dolomite in pores, which destructed the physical properties of the reservoir. Therefore, the effects of deep fluid activity on the carbonate reservoirs were twofold, being both constructive and destructive. During the deep burial stage, the formation fluid associated with hydrocarbon expulsion became active again, forming calcite cement to fill the early residual pores and vugs, further reducing the physical properties of the reservoir.
- (4)
- The Maokou Formation dolomite reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin experienced multiple diagenetic processes, including penecontemporaneous-shallow burial tectonic rupturing, hydrothermal dolomitization, and deep burial cementation.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rock Fabric | δ13C (‰, VPDB) | δ18O (‰, VPDB) | 86Sr/87Sr | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LM | n | 9 | 9 | n | 10 |
Max | 5.5 | −4.1 | Max | 0.707822 | |
Min | −2.3 | −8.7 | Min | 0.706997 | |
Mean | 2.4 | −6.8 | Mean | 0.707256 | |
S.D. | 2.3 | 1.5 | S.D. | 0.000253 | |
MD | n | 20 | 20 | n | 18 |
Max | 3.7 | −6.8 | Max | 0.708640 | |
Min | −1.7 | −12.6 | Min | 0.707289 | |
Mean | 2.8 | −7.9 | Mean | 0.707949 | |
S.D. | 1.2 | 1.2 | S.D. | 0.000305 | |
SD | n | 10 | 10 | n | 12 |
Max | 3.6 | −6.0 | Max | 0.708466 | |
Min | 0.9 | −7.6 | Min | 0.707947 | |
Mean | 3.0 | −7.0 | Mean | 0.708263 | |
S.D. | 0.8 | 0.5 | S.D. | 0.000171 | |
CC | n | 19 | 19 | n | 15 |
Max | 2.3 | −6.8 | Max | 0.713836 | |
Min | −21.2 | −15.8 | Min | 0.707617 | |
Mean | −5.7 | −9.7 | Mean | 0.709362 | |
S.D. | 6.6 | 1.9 | S.D. | 0.002165 |
Sample No. | Rock Fabric | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Y | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | REE + Y | Ce/Ce* | Eu/Eu* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | μg/g | ||||
FNB-14-Lime | LM | 1.50 | 0.696 | 0.158 | 0.716 | 0.131 | 0.028 | 0.152 | 0.027 | 0.157 | 3.32 | 0.035 | 0.091 | 0.013 | 0.069 | 0.008 | 7.10 | 0.306 | 0.922 |
FNB-18-Lime | LM | 1.81 | 1.16 | 0.207 | 0.954 | 0.176 | 0.039 | 0.219 | 0.038 | 0.215 | 1.34 | 0.05 | 0.133 | 0.022 | 0.118 | 0.018 | 6.50 | 0.412 | 0.918 |
TTB-20-3 Lime | LM | 1.09 | 1.39 | 0.212 | 1.01 | 0.193 | 0.045 | 0.232 | 0.046 | 0.302 | 2.13 | 0.068 | 0.190 | 0.031 | 0.181 | 0.021 | 7.14 | 0.665 | 0.985 |
FNB-12-MD | MD | 1.12 | 0.607 | 0.173 | 0.834 | 0.161 | 0.042 | 0.187 | 0.039 | 0.290 | 3.49 | 0.071 | 0.192 | 0.032 | 0.181 | 0.002 | 7.42 | 0.312 | 1.125 |
TTB-5-1-MD | MD | 0.719 | 0.526 | 0.127 | 0.572 | 0.108 | 0.024 | 0.115 | 0.027 | 0.183 | 0.495 | 0.044 | 0.127 | 0.021 | 0.124 | 0.019 | 3.23 | 0.398 | 1.007 |
TTB-15-MD | MD | 1.06 | 0.595 | 0.168 | 0.762 | 0.152 | 0.033 | 0.157 | 0.031 | 0.221 | 1.59 | 0.053 | 0.141 | 0.025 | 0.132 | 0.021 | 5.14 | 0.320 | 1.001 |
TTB-16-MD | MD | 1.12 | 0.684 | 0.167 | 0.75 | 0.157 | 0.030 | 0.169 | 0.031 | 0.192 | 4.74 | 0.052 | 0.129 | 0.020 | 0.131 | 0.020 | 8.39 | 0.356 | 0.861 |
TTB-22-SD | SD | 1.24 | 1.63 | 0.259 | 1.15 | 0.247 | 0.058 | 0.279 | 0.062 | 0.387 | 5.43 | 0.095 | 0.25 | 0.037 | 0.198 | 0.023 | 11.35 | 0.663 | 1.029 |
TTB-24-SD | SD | 1.72 | 2.30 | 0.334 | 1.62 | 0.337 | 0.091 | 0.383 | 0.082 | 0.563 | 4.57 | 0.135 | 0.353 | 0.060 | 0.309 | 0.020 | 12.88 | 0.697 | 1.179 |
TTB-25-SD | SD | 1.76 | 2.51 | 0.359 | 1.66 | 0.355 | 0.077 | 0.420 | 0.086 | 0.585 | 2.43 | 0.138 | 0.364 | 0.059 | 0.271 | 0.015 | 11.09 | 0.727 | 0.925 |
TTB-27-SD | SD | 1.44 | 2.06 | 0.298 | 1.44 | 0.268 | 0.066 | 0.342 | 0.066 | 0.425 | 4.63 | 0.100 | 0.263 | 0.042 | 0.203 | 0.015 | 11.66 | 0.724 | 1.004 |
TTB-28-SD | SD | 1.33 | 1.75 | 0.270 | 1.21 | 0.275 | 0.080 | 0.328 | 0.069 | 0.477 | 0.433 | 0.110 | 0.302 | 0.044 | 0.238 | 0.014 | 6.93 | 0.672 | 1.235 |
FNB-12-Cal | CC | 1.04 | 0.547 | 0.171 | 0.824 | 0.166 | 0.039 | 0.181 | 0.038 | 0.224 | 0.508 | 0.052 | 0.136 | 0.021 | 0.12 | 0.015 | 4.08 | 0.295 | 1.050 |
FNB-16-Cal | CC | 2.49 | 1.53 | 0.399 | 1.81 | 0.348 | 0.086 | 0.452 | 0.084 | 0.512 | 5.88 | 0.119 | 0.318 | 0.047 | 0.264 | 0.046 | 14.39 | 0.348 | 0.997 |
FNB-20-Cal | CC | 0.763 | 0.494 | 0.125 | 0.558 | 0.107 | 0.030 | 0.149 | 0.025 | 0.148 | 3.54 | 0.031 | 0.071 | 0.010 | 0.050 | 0.033 | 6.13 | 0.364 | 1.084 |
TTB-6-2-Cal | CC | 0.434 | 0.098 | 0.066 | 0.317 | 0.061 | 0.014 | 0.084 | 0.022 | 0.184 | 3.40 | 0.046 | 0.149 | 0.024 | 0.126 | 0.006 | 5.03 | 0.131 | 0.893 |
TTB-8-Cal | CC | 3.29 | 2.44 | 0.459 | 1.96 | 0.31 | 0.065 | 0.343 | 0.058 | 0.335 | 0.227 | 0.074 | 0.175 | 0.031 | 0.147 | 0.020 | 9.93 | 0.444 | 0.930 |
TTB-21-Cal | CC | 1.38 | 1.71 | 0.253 | 1.19 | 0.249 | 0.064 | 0.277 | 0.054 | 0.349 | 3.22 | 0.080 | 0.203 | 0.035 | 0.186 | 0.018 | 9.27 | 0.663 | 1.136 |
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Li, S.; Gao, J.; Yang, T.; Li, T.; Liu, T.; Hao, Y.; He, Z.; Liu, E. Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China. Minerals 2024, 14, 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803
Li S, Gao J, Yang T, Li T, Liu T, Hao Y, He Z, Liu E. Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China. Minerals. 2024; 14(8):803. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shuangjian, Jian Gao, Tianbo Yang, Tianyi Li, Tianjia Liu, Yunqing Hao, Zhiliang He, and Entao Liu. 2024. "Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China" Minerals 14, no. 8: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803