Effects of Cement and Emulsified Asphalt on Properties of Mastics and 100% Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
<p>Fluorescence microscopic images of RAP.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Loading mode of dynamic modulus test.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Relationship between mastic modulus and FBR. (<b>a</b>) Mineral filler-asphalt mastic (<b>b</b>) Mineral filler-residue mastic (<b>c</b>) Cement-residue masticAs can be seen in <a href="#materials-12-00754-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, the modulus of the three types of mastics were all higher than those of matrix asphalt or EAR, and the modulus of the mineral filler-asphalt mastic specimen increased linearly with increases in FBR. When the FBR was 0.6, the five kinds of mineral filler doubled the increase, and when the FBR was 1.4, the mineral filler increased the modulus by more than double. The mineral filler-residue mastic exhibited a similar pattern to the mineral filler-asphalt mastic. This result is related to the hardening of inorganic mineral fillers; that is, the addition of mineral filler can increase the elastic recovery modulus of mastics, causing them to exhibit very linear growth relationships, and enhancing the mastics’ resistance to deformation [<a href="#B29-materials-12-00754" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Relationships between mastic phase angles and FBR.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>B-values of mastics with (<b>a</b>) mineral filler and (<b>b</b>) cement.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>SEM images of (<b>a</b>) Mineral filler-asphalt mastic and (<b>b</b>) Cement-residue mastic.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Influence of emulsified asphalt content on void ratio.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Influence of emulsified asphalt content on ITS.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Influence of emulsified asphalt content on TSR.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Influence of emulsified asphalt content on dynamic stability and rutting depth.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Influence of emulsified asphalt content on mechanical properties of CRAM.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Influence of cement content on void ratio and optimum liquid content.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Influence of cement content on ITS and TSR.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Influence of cement content on dynamic stability and rutting depth.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Influence of cement content on mechanical properties of CRAM.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Emulsified Asphalt
2.1.2. RAP
2.1.3. Recycled Asphalt from RAP
2.1.4. Cement
2.1.5. Mineral Filler
2.2. Preparation of Three Types of Mastic
2.2.1. Mineral Filler-Asphalt Mastic
2.2.2. Mineral Filler-Residue Mastic
2.2.3. Cement-Residue Mastic
2.3. Preparation of CRAM Specimens
2.4. Experimental Method
2.4.1. Dynamic Shear Rheological
2.4.2. Indirect Tensile Tests
2.4.3. Freeze–Thaw Splitting Tests
2.4.4. Rutting Tests
2.4.5. Dynamic Modulus Tests
- ƒ is the loading frequency (Hz),
- φ is the phase angle (°),
- Ti is the average lag time between stress-strain cycles (s),
- Tp is the average duration of a stress cycle (s),
- σ0 is the average peak stress (MPa),
- ε0 is the average peak strain (mm/mm), and
- E* is the dynamic modulus (MPa).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Mastics
3.1.1. Rheological Properties
3.1.2. Interface Bonding Performance
3.1.3. Microstructure of Mastics
3.2. Effect of Emulsified Asphalt
3.2.1. Void Ratio
3.2.2. Indirect Tensile Strength
3.2.3. Tensile Strength Ratio
3.2.4. Dynamic Stability
3.2.5. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
3.3. Effect of Cement
3.3.1. Void Ratio
3.3.2. Indirect Tensile Strength
3.3.3. Tensile Strength Ratio
3.3.4. Dynamic Stability
3.3.5. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Both the modulus of the mineral-filler mastic and mineral-residue mastic increased linearly with the FBR, which is due to the hardening of inorganic mineral filler fillers. The cement-residue mastic’s modulus-increasing effect was most pronounced and its phase angle was lower compared to the first two types of mastics. This is due to the hydration of cement helping to increase the elastic solid properties of the cement-residue mastic.
- Compared to cement-free mastics, the B-values of cement-containing mastics can be several times higher. This shows that the addition of cement can greatly improve the interfacial bonding between binders and fillers in the mastic, thereby improving the water damage resistance and high-temperature stability of CRAM. It is confirmed by the impact of cement content on the ITS, TSR, and dynamic stability of CRAM.
- The relationships between cement content and the CRAM’s phase angle are different to that for emulsified asphalt obviously. The addition of cement reduces the phase angle of the CRAM, and it is consistent with the previous results of cement-residue mastic’ rheological properties. This shows the hydration products reduce the strain-to-stress response lag time and increase the elastic modulus of CRAM, and it is beneficial for enhancing the high temperature stability of CRAM.
- Using 100% RAP, 2.0 wt % cement, and 3.1–5.3 wt % emulsified asphalt, or when using 4.0 wt % emulsified asphalt and 2.0–4.0 wt % cement, the porosity, ITS and TSR of CRAM are all fully compliant with the specifications of JTG F41-2008. Therefore, schemes using CRAM for a subsurface layer of pavement with 100% RAP may be feasible under certain conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Requirements | Results | |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C; 0.1 mm) | 60~80 | 66 | |
Softening point (°C) | ≮46 | 47.0 | |
Dynamic viscosity (60 °C; Pa·s) | ≮180 | 258 | |
Ductility (10 °C; cm) | ≮20 | 76 | |
Ductility (15 °C; cm) | ≮100 | >100 | |
Wax content (%) | ≯2.2 | 1.7 | |
Flashing point (°C) | ≮260 | 320 | |
Solubility (%) | ≮99.5 | 99.9 | |
Density (15 °C; g/cm3) | Report | 1.035 | |
Thin film oven test | Mass change (%) | ≯±0.8 | –0.022 |
Residual penetration ratio (%) | ≮61 | 71 | |
Residual ductility (10 °C; cm) | ≮6 | 19 |
Parameter | Requirements [19] | Results | |
---|---|---|---|
Residue content by evaporation (%) | ≮62 | 63 | |
Sieve residue (1.18 mm; %) | ≯0.1 | 0 | |
Storage stability (5 d, 25 °C; %) | ≯5 | 4 | |
Storage stability (1 d, 25 °C; %) | ≯1 | 0.9 | |
Residual asphalt | Penetration (25°C; 0.1 mm) | 50–300 | 75 |
Ductility (15 °C; cm) | ≮40 | >100 |
Sieve Size (mm) | 0.075 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.18 | 2.36 | 4.75 | 9.5 | 13.2 | 16 | 19 | 26.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Passing percent | 0.87 | 1.29 | 1.86 | 3.09 | 4.35 | 6.95 | 14.9 | 44.1 | 64.3 | 79.4 | 91.7 | 100 |
PP-AE | 6.11 | 7.60 | 10.1 | 13.6 | 21.2 | 31.9 | 61.7 | 74.6 | 79.1 | 89.1 | 98.2 | 100 |
Maximum | 8 | — | 21 | — | — | 50 | 65 | 80 | — | — | 100 | 100 |
Minimum | 2 | — | 3 | — | — | 20 | 35 | 60 | — | — | 90 | 100 |
Experimental gradation | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 27 | 50 | 74 | 85 | 92 | 97 | 100 |
Parameter | Results |
---|---|
Penetration (25 °C; 0.1 mm) | 20 |
Softening point (°C) | 65 |
Ductility (25 °C; cm) | 34.5 |
Dynamic viscosity (60 °C; Pa·s) | 544 |
Parameter | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g.cm−3) | 2.673 | 2.657 | 2.618 | 2.711 | 2.683 |
H-C | 0.671 | 0.685 | 0.652 | 0.752 | 0.69 |
MBV (g/kg) | 1 | 2.25 | 2.75 | 2.5 | 0.75 |
Mastic Type | Asphalt Emulsion (%) | Cement (%) | FBR |
---|---|---|---|
E-CH3.5% | 3.5 | 0.5 | 0.23 |
3.5 | 1 | 0.46 | |
3.5 | 1.5 | 0.69 | |
3.5 | 2 | 0.92 | |
E-CH4.5% | 4.5 | 0.5 | 0.18 |
4.5 | 1 | 0.36 | |
4.5 | 1.5 | 0.54 | |
4.5 | 2 | 0.72 | |
E-CH5.5% | 5.5 | 0.5 | 0.15 |
5.5 | 1 | 0.29 | |
5.5 | 1.5 | 0.44 | |
5.5 | 2 | 0.59 | |
E-CH6.5% | 6.5 | 0.5 | 0.12 |
6.5 | 1 | 0.25 | |
6.5 | 1.5 | 0.37 | |
6.5 | 2 | 0.5 |
Parameter | Requirements | |
---|---|---|
Pavement Base or Subbase | Pavement Subsurface Layer | |
Void ratio (%) | 9–12 | 9–12 |
15 °C ITS (MPa) | ≮0.40 | ≮0.50 |
TSR (%) | ≮70 | ≮70 |
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Li, Y.; Lyv, Y.; Fan, L.; Zhang, Y. Effects of Cement and Emulsified Asphalt on Properties of Mastics and 100% Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures. Materials 2019, 12, 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050754
Li Y, Lyv Y, Fan L, Zhang Y. Effects of Cement and Emulsified Asphalt on Properties of Mastics and 100% Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures. Materials. 2019; 12(5):754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050754
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yanan, Yuchao Lyv, Liang Fan, and Yuzhen Zhang. 2019. "Effects of Cement and Emulsified Asphalt on Properties of Mastics and 100% Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures" Materials 12, no. 5: 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050754