Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching
<p>(<b>a</b>) The dentin area of the specimens that was evaluated; (<b>b</b>) the exact position of the cut of the teeth aiming to expose the dentin (E: enamel, and D: dentin); (<b>c</b>) the density and the diameter of the exposed dentinal tubules depending on the depth of the cut (A: occlusal dentin part, and B: medium dentin part).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Representative SEM image identifying particles and precipitations that occluded the dentin tubules utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×500 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment. (<b>B</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×1000 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment. (<b>C</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×3000 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×500 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment. (<b>B</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×1000 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment. (<b>C</b>) Representative SEM photomicrographs showing the dentin surface after the treatments of each experimental group at ×3000 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>EDS spectra of the above representative SEM photomicrographs of each experimental group at ×3000 magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) SnF<sub>2</sub> treatment; (<b>c</b>) CPP-ACPF treatment; (<b>d</b>) calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate glass treatment; (<b>e</b>) bioglass 45S5 treatment; (<b>f</b>) Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Specimens
2.2. Tooth Bleaching Procedure
2.3. Experimental Groups of the Study
2.4. Evaluation of Occlusion of Dentin Tubules Using SEM-EDS Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Porto, I.C.; Andrade, A.K.; Montes, M.A. Diagnosis and treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. J. Oral Sci. 2009, 51, 323–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canadian Advisory Board on Dentin Hypersensitivity. Consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2003, 69, 221–226. [Google Scholar]
- West, N.X. Dentine hypersensitivity: Preventive and therapeutic approaches to treatment. Periodontology 2000 2008, 48, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pontes, M.; Gomes, J.; Lemos, C.; Leão, R.S.; Moraes, S.; Vasconcelos, B.; Pellizzer, E.P. Effect of bleaching gel concentration on tooth color and sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oper. Dent. 2020, 45, 265–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- West, N.X. Dentine hypersensitivity. Monogr. Oral Sci. 2006, 20, 173–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, M.-L.; Zheng, G.; Zhang, Y.-D.; Yan, X.; Li, X.-C.; Lin, H. Effect of desensitizing toothpastes on dentine hypersensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 2018, 75, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hines, D.; Xu, S.; Stranick, M.; Lavender, S.; Pilch, S.; Zhang, Y.P.; Sullivan, R.; Montesani, L.; Montesani, L.; Mateo, L.R.; et al. Effect of a stannous fluoride toothpaste on dentinal hypersensitivity: In vitro and clinical evaluation. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2019, 150, S47–S59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gümüştaş, B.; Dikmen, B. Effectiveness of remineralization agents on the prevention of dental bleaching induced sensitivity: A randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2022, 20, 650–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behzadi, S.; Mohammadi, Y.; Rezaei-Soufi, L.; Farmany, A. Occlusion effects of bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite on dentinal tubules: A systematic review. Clin. Oral Investig. 2022, 26, 6061–6078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Favoreto, M.W.; de Souza Carneiro, T.; Forville, H.; Burey, A.; Simas Dreweck, F.D.; Loguercio, A.D.; Reis, A. Use of calcium-containing bioactive desensitizers in dental bleaching: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2023, 154, 245–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmaz, H.G.; Bayindir, H. Clinical and scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser therapy for treating dentine hypersensitivity: Short-term, randomised, controlled study. J. Oral Rehabil. 2014, 41, 392–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dionysopoulos, D.; Papageorgiou, S.; Papadopoulos, C.; Davidopoulou, S.; Konstantinidis, A.; Tolidis, K. Effect of whitening toothpastes with different active agents on the abrasive wear of dentin following tooth brushing simulation. J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14, 268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karaoulani, K.; Dionysopoulos, D.; Tolidis, K.; Kouros, P.; Konstantinidis, A.; Hill, R. Effect of air-abrasion pretreatment with three bioactive materials on enamel susceptibility to erosion by artificial gastric juice. Dent. Mater. 2022, 38, 1218–1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brännström, M. A hydrodynamic mechanism in the transmission of pain-produced stimuli through the dentine. In Sensory Mechanisms in Dentine; Anderson, D.J., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, UK, 1963; pp. 73–79. [Google Scholar]
- Nähri, M.; Jyväsjärvi, E.; Virtannen, A. Role of intradental A and C-type fibres in dental pain mechanisms. Proc. Finn. Dent. Soc. 1992, 88, 507–516. [Google Scholar]
- West, N.X.; Lussi, A.; Seong, J.; Hellwig, E. Dentin hypersensitivity: Pain mechanisms and aetiology of exposed cervical dentin. Clin. Oral Investig. 2013, 17, 9–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haywood, V.B. Dentine hypersensitivity: Bleaching and restorative considerations for successful management. Int. Dent. J. 2002, 52, 7–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doğan, Ç.; Yıldırım, H.S.; Gürsoy, H.; Kuru, L. Occlusion of dentinal tubules on periodontally involved teeth by dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride. J. Oral Sci. 2023, 65, 149–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mousavi, F.S.P.; Ganjovi, A.; Eskandarizadeh, A.; Saidi, R.; Isaei, E. Evaluating the antibacterial effect of synthesized herbal toothpastes and their efficacy for dentine tubule occlusion: Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2022, 85, 19–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konradsson, K.; Lingström, P.; Emilson, C.G.; Johannsen, G.; Ramberg, P.; Johannsen, A. Stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in relation to dental caries, dental erosion and dentin hypersensitivity: A systematic review. Am. J. Dent. 2020, 33, 95–105. [Google Scholar]
- Faller, R.V.; Eversole, S.L. Protective effects of SnF2—Part III. Mechanism of barrier layer attachment. Int. Dent. J. 2014, 64, 16–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faller, R.V.; Eversole, S.L.; Tzeghai, G.E. Enamel protection: A comparison of marketed dentifrice performance against dental erosion. Am. J. Dent. 2011, 24, 205–210. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bakry, A.S.; Marghalani, H.Y.; Amin, O.A.; Tagami, J. The effect of a bioglass paste on enamel exposed to erosive challenge. J. Dent. 2014, 42, 1458–1463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dionysopoulos, D.; Tolidis, K.; Tsitrou, E.; Kouros, P.; Naka, O. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of enamel erosion following air abrasion with bioactive glass 45S5. Oral Health Prev. Dent. 2020, 18, 529–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lopez, T.C.; Diniz, I.M.; Ferreira, L.S.; Marchi, J.; Borges, R.; de Cara, S.P.; D’Almeida-Couto, R.; Marques, M.M. Bioactive glass plus laser phototherapy as promise candidates for dentine hypersensitivity treatment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2017, 105, 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Q.; Thompson, I.; Boccaccini, A. 45S5 Bioglass®-derived glass–ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 2414–2425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersson, Ö.; Kangasniemi, I. Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1991, 25, 1019–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mneimne, M.; Hill, R.G.; Bushby, A.G.; Brauer, D.S. High phosphate content significantly increases apatite formation of fluoride- containing bioactive glasses. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7, 1827–1834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brauer, D.S.; Karpukhina, N.; O’Donnel, M.D.; Law, R.V.; Hill, R.G. Fluoride-containing bioactive glasses: Effect of glass design and structure on degradation, pH and apatite formation in simulated body fluid. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6, 3275–3282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranjitkar, S.; Kaidonis, J.A.; Richards, L.C.; Townsend, G.C. The effect of CPPACP on enamel wear under severe erosive conditions. Arch. Oral Biol. 2009, 54, 527–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poggio, C.; Lombardini, M.; Dagna, A.; Chiesa, M.; Bianchi, S. Protective effect on enamel demineralization of a CPP-ACP paste: An AFM in vitro study. J. Dent. 2009, 37, 949–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, F.G.; Brasil, V.L.M.; Filho, T.J.S.; Carlo, H.L.; Santos, R.L.; Lima, B.A.S.G. Protective effect of calcium nanophosphate and CPP-ACP agents on enamel erosion. Braz. Oral Res. 2013, 27, 462–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramalho, K.M.; Hsu, C.S.; de Freitas, P.M.; Aranha, A.C.C.; Esteves-Oliveira, M.; Rocha, R.G.; de Paula Eduardo, C. Erbium lasers for the prevention of enamel and dentin demineralization: A literature review. Photomed. Laser Surg. 2015, 33, 301–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harashima, T.; Kinoshita, J.; Kimura, Y.; Brugnera, A.; Zanin, F.; Pecora, J.D.; Matsumoto, K. Morphological comparative study on ablation of dental hard tissue at cavity preparation by Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Photomed. Laser Surg. 2005, 23, 52–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ivanov, B.; Hakimian, A.M.; Peavy, G.M.; Haglund, R.F. Midinfrared laser ablation of hard biocomposite material: Mechanistic studies of pulse duration and interface effects. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2003, 208–209, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwarz, F.; Arweiler, N.; Georg, T.; Reich, E. Desensitizing effects of an Er:YAG laser on hypersensitive dentine. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002, 29, 211–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aranha, A.C.; de Paula Eduardo, C. Effects of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers on dentine hypersensitivity. Short-term clinical evaluation. Lasers Med. Sci. 2012, 27, 813–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aranha, A.C.; de Paula Eduardo, C. In vitro effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on dentine hypersensitivity. Dentine permeability and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Lasers Med. Sci. 2012, 27, 827–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gholami, G.A.; Fekrazad, R.; Esmaiel-Nejad, A.; Kalhori, K.A. An evaluation of the occluding effects of Er;Cr:YSGG, Nd:YAG, CO₂ and diode lasers on dentinal tubules: A scanning electron microscope in vitro study. Photomed. Laser Surg. 2011, 29, 115–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Product | Type | Composition | Active Agents | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emofluor® | gel | Aqua, glycerin, propylene glycol, PEG-40-hydrogenated castor oil, cellulose gum, PEG-8, phosphocolamine, aroma, 0.4% SnF2 (1000 ppmF−), sodium saccharin | Stannous fluoride (SnF2) | Dr. Wild & Co. AG, Muttenz, Switzerland |
GC MI Paste Plus | paste | Pure water, glycerol, Recaldent (CPP-ACP), D-sorbitol, CMC-Na, propylene glycol, silicon and titanium dioxide, xylitol, phosphoric acid, flavor, sodium fluoride (900 ppmF−), sodium saccharin, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, p-hydroxybenzoate | Recaldent (CPP-ACP) + sodium fluoride (NaF) | GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan |
BioMinF® | paste | Particle size: 60–100 μm, 36–40 mol% SiO2, 22–24 mol% Na2O, 28–30 mol% CaO, 4–6 mol% P2O5, 1.5–3.0 mol% CaF2 | Bioactive glass (calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate) | Cera Dynamics Ltd. Fountain Street, Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2HB, UK |
ProSylc | powder | Water, glycerin, hydrated silica, PVM/MA copolymer, sodium lauryl sulfate, cellulose gum, aroma, sodium hydroxide, carrageenan, sodium fluoride (1450 ppmF−), triclosan, sodium saccharin, limonene, CI 77891 | NovaMin® (Bioglass 45S5) | Velopex, Harlesden, UK |
Group (Active Agent) | Diameter of Open Tubules in μm | Level of Tubule Occlusion (Scale 0–2) | Number of Open Tubules per 0.01 mm2 | Percentage of Occluded Tubules (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (control) | 2.2 ± 0.4 A | 0.2 ± 0.2 A | 203.4 ± 15.3 A | 2.6% |
Group 2 (SnF2) | 0.3 ± 0.1 B | 1.9 ± 0.1 B | 1.4 ± 0.3 B | 99.5% |
Group 3 (CPP-ACPF) | 1.4 ± 0.3 C | 0.8 ± 0.2 C | 176.8 ± 12.6 C | 21.6% |
Group 4 (calcium phospho-fluoro-silicate) | 0.1 ± 0.1 B | 1.9 ± 0.1 B | 1.0 ± 0.4 B | 99.8% |
Group 5 (Bioglass 45S5) | 0.1 ± 0.1 B | 1.9 ± 0.1 B | 1.1 ± 0.3 B | 99.7% |
Group 6 (Er,Cr:YSGG laser) | 1.0 ± 0.3 D | 1.3 ± 0.3 D | 150.6 ± 13.9 D | 26.8% |
Elements | Control | Emofluor | MI Paste | BioMinF | ProSylc | Er,Cr:YSGG Laser |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 36.76 ± 4.62 a | 30.70 ± 4.36 a | 35.35 ± 3.18 a | 35.99 ± 4.82 a | 34.05 ± 3.56 a | 36.03 ± 5.13 a |
P | 20.11 ± 3.39 a | 19.80 ± 2.12 a | 20.65 ± 2.02 a | 18.15 ± 1.75 a | 20.02 ± 1.88 a | 21.64 ± 2.10 a |
Si | 1.16 ± 0.45 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.69 ± 0.24 a | 2.17 ± 0.61 c | 2.13 ± 1.03 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
F | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 3.60 ± 1.40 b | 0.82 ± 0.23 c | 3.41 ± 1.11 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Sn | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 6.36 ± 2.33 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Mg | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 1.16 ± 0.31 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
O | 41.97 ± 6.86 a | 39.54 ± 4.77 a | 42.49 ± 5.27 a | 40.28 ± 5.09 a | 42.64 ± 7.24 a | 42.33 ± 6.42 a |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Papazisi, N.; Dionysopoulos, D.; Naka, O.; Strakas, D.; Davidopoulou, S.; Tolidis, K. Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching. J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080430
Papazisi N, Dionysopoulos D, Naka O, Strakas D, Davidopoulou S, Tolidis K. Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023; 14(8):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080430
Chicago/Turabian StylePapazisi, Natalia, Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Olga Naka, Dimitris Strakas, Sotiria Davidopoulou, and Kosmas Tolidis. 2023. "Efficiency of Various Tubular Occlusion Agents in Human Dentin after In-Office Tooth Bleaching" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 8: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080430