Environmentally Relevant Levels of Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Altered Intestinal Microbial Composition and Metabolites in Amphibian Larvae
<p>Relative abundances of primary bacterial genera and some significantly changed bacterial genera in <span class="html-italic">Pelophylax nigromaculatus</span> tadpoles exposed to 0 (CTRL), 0.3, and 3.0 μg/L of carbamazepine.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Relative abundances of predicted functional pathways with significant among-group differences in <span class="html-italic">Pelophylax nigromaculatus</span> tadpoles exposed to 0 (CTRL), 0.3, and 3.0 μg/L of carbamazepine.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Spectral area for some significantly changed intestinal metabolites in <span class="html-italic">Pelophylax nigromaculatus</span> tadpoles exposed to 0 (CTRL), 0.3, and 3.0 μg/L of carbamazepine. Each dot represented data from a single sample.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The correlation between significantly changed bacterial genera and significantly changed metabolites in <span class="html-italic">Pelophylax nigromaculatus</span> tadpoles exposed to 0 (CTRL), 0.3, and 3.0 μg/L of carbamazepine (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tadpole Body Size and Developmental Stage
2.2. Tadpole Intestinal Microbiota
2.3. Tadpole Intestinal Metabolite
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0.3 μg/L vs. CTRL | 3.0 μg/L vs. CTRL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolite | Log2(FC) | p | Log2(FC) | p |
L-Leucine | −0.09 | −0.40 | ** | |
L-Phenylalanine | 1.67 | * | 1.62 | * |
L-Asparagine | 1.22 | ** | 0.42 | |
Succinate | −0.80 | ** | −0.40 | |
Creatine | −0.22 | −0.75 | * | |
D-Fructose 1-phosphate | −0.20 | * | −0.23 | * |
Cortisol | −0.89 | −1.55 | * | |
Uridine | −2.11 | * | −1.72 | * |
Stearolic acid | 0.42 | 0.59 | * | |
Taurine | 0.09 | −1.18 | * | |
Indole | −0.79 | * | −1.02 | ** |
Phenylpyruvic acid | 0.61 | 0.98 | * |
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Dang, W.; Zhang, J.-H.; Cao, Z.-C.; Yang, J.-M.; Lu, H.-L. Environmentally Relevant Levels of Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Altered Intestinal Microbial Composition and Metabolites in Amphibian Larvae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136950
Dang W, Zhang J-H, Cao Z-C, Yang J-M, Lu H-L. Environmentally Relevant Levels of Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Altered Intestinal Microbial Composition and Metabolites in Amphibian Larvae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(13):6950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136950
Chicago/Turabian StyleDang, Wei, Jin-Hui Zhang, Zi-Chun Cao, Jia-Meng Yang, and Hong-Liang Lu. 2024. "Environmentally Relevant Levels of Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Altered Intestinal Microbial Composition and Metabolites in Amphibian Larvae" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13: 6950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136950