Differentiation of Vegetation Community Characteristics by Altitude within Urban Parks and Their Service Functions in a Semi-Arid Mountain Valley: A Case Study of Lanzhou City
<p>Overview of the study area (<b>a</b>) and distribution of sampling sites in Jincheng Park (<b>b</b>), Renshoushan Park (<b>c</b>), Baitashan Park (<b>d</b>), and Lanshan Parks (<b>e</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Spatial changes in the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) of the surveyed parks: (<b>a</b>) Jincheng Park; (<b>b</b>) Renshoushan Park; (<b>c</b>) Baitashan Park and; (<b>d</b>) Lanshan Park.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Variation of FVC by altitude, average FVC, and comparison of FVC at the same elevational grdients in the four parks. (<b>a</b>) Jincheng Park; (<b>b</b>) Renshoushan Park; (<b>c</b>) Baitashan Park (<b>d</b>) Lanshan Park; (<b>e</b>) average FVC; and (<b>f</b>) comparison of FVC at the same elevational gradients among the four parks.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Variation in plant species diversity by altitude and the total number of the plant species in the four each parks. (<b>a</b>) Jincheng Park; (<b>b</b>) Renshoushan Park; (<b>c</b>) Baitashan Park; (<b>d</b>) Lanshan Park and (<b>e</b>) the total number of the plant species of each park.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Similarity coefficient of species composition between any two sampling sites within or between parks: (<b>a</b>) Jincheng Park; (<b>b</b>) Renshoushan Park; (<b>c</b>) Baitashan Park (<b>d</b>) Lanshan Park and (<b>e</b>) similarity coefficient of species among the four parks.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Spatial variation in the dominated species of each sampling site along altitude gradient within Jincheng (<b>a</b>); Renshoushan (<b>b</b>); Baitashan (<b>c</b>); and Lanshan (<b>d</b>) Parks.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Variation in the number of species of each plant life-form as altitude increased: (<b>a</b>) Jincheng Park; (<b>b</b>) Renshoushan Park; (<b>c</b>) Baitashan Park and (<b>d</b>) Lanshan Park.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Spatial distribution of different plant community types and (<b>b</b>) their natural service level (NSL), social service level (SSL), and integrated service level (ISL) within each park.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.2. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.1. Landsat Data
2.2.2. Digital Elevation Model
2.3. Method
2.3.1. Field Survey
2.3.2. Calculation of Vegetation Indices
2.3.3. Calculation of Ecological Indices
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) Change across Altitude
3.2. Plant Species Diversity Change across Altitude
3.3. Plant Species Composition Changes by Altitude
3.4. Plant Life-Form Change by Altitude
3.5. Ecological Service Function of the Current Plant Community
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Difference in Plant Community Characteristics Follow Altitude Gradients
4.2. Ecological Service Function of the Vegetation Community in Four Urban Parks
4.3. Strengths and Limitations of the Current Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Seto, K.C.; Güneralp, B.; Hutyra, L.R. Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 16083–16088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, S.; Li, T.; Li, D.; Cheng, H. Contributions of Park Constructions to Residents’ Demands of Ecosystem Services Consumption: A Case Study of Urban Public Parks in Beijing. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0259661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, X.; Song, J.; Lin, T.; Dixon, J.; Zhang, G.; Ye, H. Urbanization and Health in China, Thinking at the National, Local and Individual Levels. Environ. Health 2016, 15, 113–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sun, A.; Chen, T.; Niu, R.-Q.; Trinder, J.C. Land Use/cover Change and the Urbanization Process in the Wuhan Area from 1991 to 2013 Based on MESMA. Environ. Earth Sci. 2016, 75, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, L.; Hao, Y.; Lu, Z.N.; Wu, H.; Ran, Q. Do Economic Activities Cause Air Pollution? Evidence from China’s Major Cities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2019, 49, 101593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Meng, J.; Zheng, H.; Shao, S.; Wang, D.; Mi, Z.; Guan, D. Temporal Change in India’s Imbalance of Carbon Emissions Embodied in International Trade. Appl. Energy 2018, 231, 914–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Mauzerall, D.L.; Zhu, T.; Liang, S.; Ezzati, M.; Remais, J.V. Environmental Health in China: Progress towards Clean Air and Safe Water. Lancet 2010, 375, 1110–1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meng, F.; Guo, J.; Guo, Z.; Lee, J.C.K.; Liu, G.; Wang, N. Science of the Total Environment Urban Ecological Transition: The Practice of Ecological Civilization Construction in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 755, 142633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Y. Ecological City and Urban Sustainable Development. Procedia Eng. 2011, 21, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jim, C.Y. Soil Characteristics and Management in an Urban Park in Hong Kong. Environ. Manag. 1998, 22, 683–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elmqvist, T.; Colding, J.; Barthel, S.; Borgström, S.; Duit, A.; Lundberg, J.; Andersson, E.; Ahrné, K.; Ernstson, H.; Folke, C.; et al. The Dynamics of Social-Ecological Systems in Urban Landscapes: Stockholm and the National Urban Park, Sweden. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1023, 308–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Talal, M.L.; Santelmann, M.V. Vegetation Management for Urban Park Visitors: A Mixed Methods Approach in Portland, Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 2020, 30, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hong, W.; Guo, R. Indicators for Quantitative Evaluation of the Social Services Function of Urban Greenbelt Systems: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China. Ecol. Indic. 2017, 75, 259–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeCandido, R. Recent Changes in Plant Species Diversity in Urban Pelham Bay Park, 1947–1998. Biol. Conserv. 2004, 120, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, S. Based on Landscape Plants Survey Happened in Urban Ecological Park Design research—In Lanzhou District no.2 Lake Area as an Example; Lanzhou Jiaotong University: Lanzhou, China, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Lang, Y.; Chong, P.; Yang, L.; Hu, B.; Ning, J. The Analysis of Dynamic Changes of Land Use and Wetland Landscape Pattern of Qinwangchuan National Wetland Park in Lanzhou, Gansu Province. Garden 2021, 37, 58–66. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ding, K.; Zhang, Y. Practical Research on the Application of Sponge City Reconstruction in Pocket Parks Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Complexity 2021, 2021, 5531935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Tong, L.; Wang, Q.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Li, J. Progress and Prospect of Urban Ecological Park Construction in China. Tianjin Agric. Sci. 2018, 24, 86–90. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wei, Y.; Xu, X.; Wang, R. Evaluation on Urban Park Usage in Lanzhou Based on POE Method. Zhejiang Agric. Sci. 2018, 59, 254–258. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xu, H.; Cheng, X.; Huang, R.; Yonghua, W. Study on Plant Community Characteristics of Park Greenland in Lanzhou City XU. J. Gansu For. Sci. Technol. 2018, 43, 46–49. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Liu, L.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, H.; Zhou, D.; Han, M. Study on Species Diversity of Woody Plant in Urban Green Land of Lanzhou. Grassl. Turf. 2020, 40, 56–62. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Fu, J.; Li, J.; Jia, H.; Huang, Y. Spatial Pattern and Industrial Characteristics of Economic Development Areas in Western China. Arid L. Geogr. 2020, 43, 1136–1145. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wei, Y. Research on the Optimization Strategy of Lanzhou Urban Park Based on Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Theory; Lanzhou Jiaotong University: Lanzhou, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, J.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, B.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, W.; Chen, L. Spatiotemporal Variations and Driving Factors of Habitat Quality in the Loess Hilly Area of the Yellow River Basin: A Case Study of Lanzhou City, China. J. Arid Land 2022, 14, 637–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, M.; Duan, R.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z. Ecological Service Value Assessment of Urban Artificial Forest Ecosystem in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study in Lanzhou City. J. Desert Res. 2012, 32, 219–226. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Duan, H.; Yan, C.; Ma, R.; Pang, G.; Jiang, X. Ecosystem Construction Effects in Southern and Northern Mountains of Lanzhou by Remote Sensing Monitoring. J. Desert Res. 2011, 31, 456–463. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wu, L.; Su, S.; Wang, H. Preliminary Investigation into Plant and Vegetation Types in Afforestation Region in Southern and Northern Mountains of Lanzhou City. J. Desert Res. 2006, 26, 564–568. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Brown, G.; Schebella, M.F.; Weber, D. Using Participatory GIS to Measure Physical Activity and Urban Park Benefits. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 121, 34–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Q. The Applicability Analysis of Massive Artificial Forestation in Lanzhou South—North Hills. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2003, 10, 134–136. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ta, W.; Wang, T.; Xiao, H.; Zhu, X.; Xiao, Z. Gaseous and Particulate Air Pollution in the Lanzhou Valley, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 320, 163–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Li, H. A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 2011, 28, 879–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, X.; Zhang, Z.; Dong, J.; Gao, F.; Li, R. Spatial Distribution and Supply &. Demand Matching of Parks—A Case Study of Lanzhou City. J. Northwest For. Univ. 2021, 36, 289–296. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Gu, Z.; Ju, W.; Li, L.; Li, D.; Liu, Y.; Fan, W. Using Vegetation Indices and Texture Measures to Estimate Vegetation Fractional Coverage (VFC) of Planted and Natural Forests in Nanjing City, China. Adv. Space Res. 2013, 51, 1186–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlson, T.N.; Ripley, D.A. On the Relation between NDVI, Fractional Vegetation Cover, and Leaf Area Index. Remote Sens. Environ. 1997, 62, 241–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutman, G.; Ignatov, A. The Derivation of the Green Vegetation Fraction from NOAA/AVHRR Data for Use in Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1998, 19, 1533–1543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Yi, S.; Hou, F. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Methods Makes Species Composition Monitoring Easier in Grasslands. Ecol. Indic. 2018, 95, 825–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brownstein, G.; Steel, J.B.; Porter, S.; Gray, A.; Wilson, C.; Wilson, P.G.; Bastow Wilson, J. Chance in Plant Communities: A New Approach to Its Measurement Using the Nugget from Spatial Autocorrelation. J. Ecol. 2012, 100, 987–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjerke, T.; Østdahl, T.; Thrane, C.; Strumse, E. Vegetation Density of Urban Parks and Perceived Appropriateness for Recreation. Urban For. Urban Green. 2006, 5, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, N.; Fukushige, M. Effects of Street Landscape Planting and Urban Public Parks on Dwelling Environment Evaluation in Japan. Urban For. Urban Green. 2012, 11, 390–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, Y.; Brimblecombe, P. Role of Vegetation in Deposition and Dispersion of Air Pollution in Urban Parks. Atmos. Environ. 2019, 201, 73–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, F.; Zhao, J.; Sun, R.; Li, Z.; Wang, W. Spatial Distribution of Soilnutrients and Soil Microbes in Five Arbore-Bushe-Grass Lands at the South-North Hills in Lanzhou China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica 2010, 19, 94–101. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, F.; Wu, Y.; Rong, H.; Han, M. Investigation and Analysis of Main Tree Species in The Park Green Space of Lanzhou City. J. Gansu For. Sci. Technol. 2018, 43, 50–54. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Peng, J. Effective Utilization of High-Efficiency Water-Saving Irrigation in the Greening of the North and South Mountains in Lanzhou City. Gansu For. 2018, 41–42. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Millward, A.A.; Paudel, K.; Briggs, S.E. Naturalization as a Strategy for Improving Soil Physical Characteristics in a Forested Urban Park. Urban Ecosyst. 2011, 14, 261–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dang, Y.; Wang, C.; Chen, P. Identification and Optimization Strategy of Urban Park Service Areas Based on Accessibility by Public Transport: Beijing as a Case Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Yi, S.; Qin, Y.; Wang, X. Improving Estimates of Fractional Vegetation Cover Based on UAV in Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2016, 37, 1922–1936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Data Type | Spatial Resolution | Data Quality | Time of Data Acquisition | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat 8 | 30 m | High (Cloud-free) | 26 July 2020 | Geospatial data cloud |
Digital elevation model | 30 m | High | 5 September 2019 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tang, X.; Wei, T.; He, Y.; He, K. Differentiation of Vegetation Community Characteristics by Altitude within Urban Parks and Their Service Functions in a Semi-Arid Mountain Valley: A Case Study of Lanzhou City. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110549
Tang X, Wei T, He Y, He K. Differentiation of Vegetation Community Characteristics by Altitude within Urban Parks and Their Service Functions in a Semi-Arid Mountain Valley: A Case Study of Lanzhou City. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2022; 11(11):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110549
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Xianglong, Tianfeng Wei, Yueming He, and Kun He. 2022. "Differentiation of Vegetation Community Characteristics by Altitude within Urban Parks and Their Service Functions in a Semi-Arid Mountain Valley: A Case Study of Lanzhou City" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 11: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11110549