Bioremediation of Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants Primed with L-Proline, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger
<p>Shoot fresh weight (<bold>A</bold>) root fresh weight (<bold>B</bold>) shoot dry weight (<bold>C</bold>) root dry weight (<bold>D</bold>) shoot length (<bold>E</bold>) root length (<bold>F</bold>) of two cultivars of wheat (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.) treated with <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> and L-proline subjected to the cadmium stress condition (Mean ± S.E.). Here V1 = AKBAR and V2 = DILKASH. The lower-case letters represent the significant difference in data.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Chlorophyll a (<bold>A</bold>) chlorophyll b (<bold>B</bold>) total chlorophyll (<bold>C</bold>) chlorophyll a/b (<bold>D</bold>) carotenoids (<bold>E</bold>) and anthocyanin (<bold>F</bold>) contents of two cultivars of wheat (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.) treated with <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> and L-proline subjected to the cadmium stress conditions (Mean ± S.E.). Here V1 = AKBAR and V2 = DILKASH. The lower-case letters represent the significant difference in data.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Total flavonoid contents (<bold>A</bold>) total phenolic contents (<bold>B</bold>) total soluble sugars (<bold>C</bold>) total soluble proteins (<bold>D</bold>) hydrogen peroxide (<bold>E</bold>) ascorbic acid (<bold>F</bold>) contents, catalase (<bold>G</bold>) ascorbate peroxidase (<bold>H</bold>) activity of two cultivars of wheat (<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.) treated with <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> and L-proline subjected to cadmium stress conditions (Mean ± S.E.). Here V1 = AKBAR and V2 = DILKASH. The lower-case letters represent the significant difference in data.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Component plot in the rotated space by the factor analysis of the studied parameters of wheat treated with bacteria, fungi and L-proline under control (0 mg/kg soil) and cadmium containment soil (40, 80 mg/kg soil) conditions.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microbial Culture Acquisition and Plant Growth Promoting Strains
2.2. In-Vitro Cadmium Tolerance Testing of Microbes
2.3. Preparation of the Microbial Cell Suspension for Seed Bio-Priming
2.4. Experiment Design
2.5. Plant Physiological Parameters
2.6. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.7. Plant Biochemical Attributes
2.8. Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In-Vitro Characterization of the Microbes for Metal Tolerance, Enzyme Production and PGP Traits
3.2. Plant Physiological Parameters Affected by the Different Treatments
3.3. Plant Photosynthetic Pigment Contents
3.4. Plant Biochemical Attributes Estimation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Details |
---|---|
Treatments | |
Control (T0) | Sterilized distilled water |
Bacterial (T1) | Bacillus subtilis NA2 |
Fungal (T2) | Aspergillus niger PMI-118 |
Chemical (T3) | L-proline |
Wheat cultivars | |
Wheat (V1) | Akbar |
Wheat (V2) | Dilkash |
Cadmium stress levels | |
Cadmium CdCl2 (S0) | 0 mg/kg of soil |
Cadmium CdCl2 (S1) | 40 mg/kg of soil |
Cadmium CdCl2 (S2) | 80 mg/kg of soil |
Growth conditions | |
Temperature (Day) | 31 °C |
Temperature (Night) | 24 °C |
Soil (Per Pod) | 350 g |
Characteristics | B. subtilis | A. niger |
---|---|---|
IAA Synthesis | ||
IAA (without tryptophan) | - | - |
IAA (with tryptophan) | 23.46 (μg/mL) | 56.41 (μg/mL) |
IAA (CdCl2 800 mg/L + tryptophan) | 14.49 (μg/mL) | 36.21 (μg/mL) |
Nitrogen Fixation | ||
N-free semi-solid media | + | + |
N-free malate agar media | +++ | +++ |
Ammonia Production | ||
Nessler’s reagent | +++ | +++ |
Ammonia Production (μmol/mL) | 6.89 | 5.34 |
Phosphate solubilization | ||
NBRIP media | +++ | - |
Pikovaskkaya’s agar media | + | ++ |
Phosphate solubilization (ppm) | 42.2 | 38.1 |
Enzyme Production | ||
Amylase | +++ | +++ |
Proteases (Zone mm) | 18 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 |
CdCl2 Tolerance | ||
0 mg/L | +++ | +++ |
200 mg/L | +++ | +++ |
400 mg/L | +++ | +++ |
600 mg/L | +++ | ++ |
700 mg/L | ++ | ++ |
800 mg/L | ++ | + |
900 mg/L | ++ | - |
1000 mg/L | + | - |
1100 mg/L | - | - |
1200 mg/L | - | - |
Source | df | SFW | SDW | RFW | RDW | Root L |
Variety (V) | 1 | 0.281 ns | 0.296 ns | 0.029 ns | 0.039 ns | 0.787 ns |
Stress (S) | 2 | 21.69 *** | 22.22 *** | 47.78 *** | 49.58 *** | 30.08 *** |
Treatment (T) | 3 | 15.34 *** | 26.20 *** | 6.693 *** | 17.33 *** | 5.461 *** |
V × S | 2 | 0.339 ns | 0.354 ns | 0.439 | 0.454 ns | 0.306 ns |
V × T | 3 | 0.189 ns | 0.203 ns | 0.359 ns | 0.342 ns | 0.109 ns |
S × T | 6 | 0.271 ns | 0.286 ns | 1.527 ns | 1.800 ns | 0.624 ns |
V × S × T | 6 | 0.209 ns | 0.219 ns | 0.360 ns | 0.373 ns | 0.095 ns |
Source | df | Shoot L | Chl a | Chl b | Total Chl | Chl a/b |
Variety (V) | 1 | 1.368 ns | 0.199 ns | 0.889 ns | 0.017 ns | 2.067 ns |
Stress (S) | 2 | 132.6 *** | 4.401 * | 1.406 ns | 3.524 ns | 1.790 ns |
Treatment (T) | 3 | 15.72 *** | 1.697 ns | 1.875 ns | 2.209 * | 0.282 ns |
V × S | 2 | 0.297 ns | 0.057 ns | 1.194 ns | 0.150 ns | 1.198 ns |
V × T | 3 | 0.715 ns | 0.065 ns | 1.061 ns | 0.196 ns | 1.633 ns |
S × T | 6 | 1.736 ns | 0.267 ns | 0.298 ns | 0.162 ns | 0.887 ns |
V × S × T | 6 | 0.462 ns | 0.050 ns | 0.269 ns | 0.021 ns | 0.528 ns |
Source | df | Carotenoids | Anthocyanin | Flavonoids | Phenolics | TSS |
Variety (V) | 1 | 0.105 ns | 0.003 ns | 18.07 *** | 7.809 ** | 6.668 * |
Stress (S) | 2 | 3.288 * | 4.961 * | 760.3 *** | 5317 *** | 2112 *** |
Treatment (T) | 3 | 1.603 ns | 2.033 ns | 441.9 *** | 2617 *** | 773.7 *** |
V × S | 2 | 0.605 ns | 0.015 ns | 5.884 ** | 27.48 *** | 6.047 ** |
V × T | 3 | 0.178 ns | 0.008 ns | 12.54 *** | 3.295 * | 19.39 *** |
S × T | 6 | 0.252 ns | 0.824 ns | 7.946 *** | 224.1 *** | 69.66 *** |
V × S × T | 6 | 0.127 ns | 0.002 ns | 4.275 ** | 22.18 *** | 6.147 *** |
Source | df | TSP | H2O2 | AsA | CAT | APX |
Variety (V) | 1 | 5.152 * | 7.621 ** | 2.373 ns | 0.008 ns | 0.177 ns |
Stress (S) | 2 | 808.3 *** | 1756 *** | 2358 *** | 128.7 *** | 39.32 *** |
Treatment (T) | 3 | 458.4 *** | 1429 *** | 1231 *** | 98.81 *** | 12.33 *** |
V × S | 2 | 26.57 *** | 12.40 *** | 6.416 ** | 0.384 ns | 0.441 ns |
V × T | 3 | 4.412 ** | 17.37 *** | 39.60 *** | 0.418 ns | 0.054 ns |
S × T | 6 | 42.26 *** | 98.01 *** | 131.3 *** | 6.476 *** | 0.251 ns |
V × S × T | 6 | 8.001 *** | 21.75 *** | 15.84 *** | 0.444 ns | 0.333 ns |
SFW | SDW | RFW | RDW | SL | RL | Chla | Chlb | TChl | Chlab | Caro | Antho | Flavo | Pheno | TSS | TSP | H2O2 | AsA | CAT | APX | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFW | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
SDW | 0.981 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
RFW | 0.324 | 0.279 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
RDW | 0.526 | 0.476 | 0.242 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
SL | 0.511 | 0.490 | 0.121 | 0.628 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
RL | 0.616 | 0.543 | 0.201 | 0.728 | 0.698 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Chl a | 0.413 | 0.383 | 0.092 | 0.324 | 0.290 | 0.329 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Chl b | 0.217 | 0.190 | 0.099 | 0.233 | 0.165 | 0.205 | 0.508 | 1 | ||||||||||||
TChl | 0.381 | 0.348 | 0.109 | 0.329 | 0.274 | 0.319 | 0.914 | 0.812 | 1 | |||||||||||
Chlab | 0.115 | 0.114 | −0.009 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.064 | 0.310 | −0.616 | −0.079 | 1 | ||||||||||
Caro | 0.335 | 0.303 | 0.130 | 0.320 | 0.222 | 0.284 | 0.731 | 0.886 | 0.910 | −0.245 | 1 | |||||||||
Antho | 0.403 | 0.390 | 0.133 | 0.411 | 0.431 | 0.395 | 0.212 | 0.333 | 0.300 | −0.098 | 0.389 | 1 | ||||||||
Flavo | −0.688 | −0.631 | −0.154 | −0.793 | −0.695 | −0.812 | −0.469 | −0.304 | −0.460 | −0.085 | −0.404 | −0.459 | 1 | |||||||
Pheno | −0.725 | −0.710 | −0.161 | −0.787 | −0.699 | −0.775 | −0.436 | −0.251 | −0.413 | −0.100 | −0.354 | −0.426 | 0.903 | 1 | ||||||
TSS | 0.7109 | 0.688 | 0.188 | 0.805 | 0.663 | 0.785 | 0.429 | 0.294 | 0.428 | 0.063 | 0.420 | 0.436 | −0.866 | −0.861 | 1 | |||||
TSP | 0.703 | 0.683 | 0.102 | 0.732 | 0.656 | 0.756 | 0.412 | 0.340 | 0.438 | −0.008 | 0.402 | 0.500 | −0.852 | −0.817 | 0.866 | 1 | ||||
H2O2 | −0.707 | −0.686 | −0.152 | −0.714 | −0.703 | −0.742 | −0.406 | −0.324 | −0.426 | 0.011 | −0.371 | −0.477 | 0.913 | 0.877 | −0.820 | −0.875 | 1 | |||
AsA | 0.653 | 0.628 | 0.224 | 0.788 | 0.668 | 0.744 | 0.402 | 0.273 | 0.400 | 0.062 | 0.385 | 0.396 | −0.865 | −0.885 | 0.921 | 0.786 | −0.847 | 1 | ||
CAT | −0.756 | −0.763 | −0.095 | −0.682 | −0.640 | −0.733 | −0.358 | −0.265 | −0.367 | −0.008 | −0.335 | −0.458 | 0.831 | 0.900 | −0.824 | −0.835 | 0.857 | −0.808 | 1 | |
APX | −0.632 | −0.605 | −0.221 | −0.679 | −0.590 | −0.699 | −0.448 | −0.294 | −0.441 | −0.060 | −0.431 | −0.416 | 0.793 | 0.796 | −0.796 | −0.761 | 0.771 | −0.764 | 0.692 | 1 |
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Bashir, S.; Javed, S.; Al-Anazi, K.M.; Farah, M.A.; Ali, S. Bioremediation of Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants Primed with L-Proline, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912683
Bashir S, Javed S, Al-Anazi KM, Farah MA, Ali S. Bioremediation of Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants Primed with L-Proline, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912683
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashir, Sarmad, Sadia Javed, Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi, Mohammad Abul Farah, and Sajad Ali. 2022. "Bioremediation of Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants Primed with L-Proline, Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912683