Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass
<p>Physicochemical properties of the tested biomass based on (<b>a</b>) proximate and (<b>b</b>) ultimate analysis.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Distribution of macroelements in the ashes of the examined raw materials.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Distribution of microelements in the ashes of the examined raw materials.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Distribution of toxic elements in the ashes of the examined raw materials.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Average elements concentrations in the ashes of the materials tested standardized to their average soil content.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Average elements concentrations in the ashes of the materials tested standardized to their average content in ashes of wood pellets.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
- 1.
- Corn cobs (CC)—residues of corn cobs without grains;
- 2.
- Corn grains (CG)—residues of grains from corn grain drying and cleaning process;
- 3.
- Corn husk (CH)—waste in the form of corn husks.
- -
- Corn cobs:
- 4.
- Corn cobs and corn husk (CC-CH);
- 5.
- Corn cobs and corn grains (CC-CG);
- -
- Corn grains:
- 6.
- Corn grains and corn cobs (CG-CC
- 7.
- Corn grains and corn husk (CG–CH);
- -
- Corn husk:
- 8.
- Corn husk and corn grains (CH-CG);
- 9.
- Corn husk and corn cobs (CH-CC).
2.2. Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
2.3. Preparation and Analysis of Ashes
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Materials Used
3.2. Results of Ashes’ Chemical Composition Examination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | CC | CG | CH | CC-CG | CC-CH | CG-CC | CG-CH | CH-CC | CH-CG | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P ± Sx | 31,391 d ± 264 | 21,452 b ± 165 | 47,778 h ± 346 | 28,099 a ± 57 | 32,935 e ± 150 | 22,688 c ± 94 | 26,933 a ± 184 | 41,719 g ± 301 | 39,324 f ± 63 | <0.001 |
K ± Sx | 258,259 i ± 1036 | 25,970 a ± 357 | 56,958d ± 219 | 235,629 h ± 519 | 226,174 g ± 90 | 70,538 e ± 148 | 30,913 b ± 144 | 100,864 f ± 300 | 46,953 c ± 63 | <0.001 |
Ca ± Sx | 74,537 a ± 439 | 74,201 a ± 288 | 101,954 f ± 225 | 73,280 c ± 116 | 81,521 d ± 103 | 74,268 a ± 184 | 82,742 e ± 202 | 91,647 b ± 259 | 91,583 b ± 98 | <0.001 |
S ± Sx | 5911 c,d ± 31 | 3438 e ± 20 | 6425 f ± 37 | 4942 b ± 69 | 5863 c ± 51 | 3726 a ± 57 | 3852 a ± 34 | 6085 d ± 86 | 4988 b ± 53 | <0.001 |
Component | Material | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | CH | > | CH-CC | > | CH-CG | > | CC-CH | > | CC | > | CC-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CG-CC | > | CG |
K | CC | > | CC-CG | > | CC-CH | > | CH-CC | > | CG-CC | > | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CG |
Ca | CH | > | CH-CC | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CC-CH | > | CC | > | CG-CC | > | CG | > | CC-CG |
S | CH | > | CH-CC | > | CC | > | CC-CH | > | CH-CG | > | CC-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CG-CC | > | CG |
Component | CC | CG | CH | CC-CG | CC-CH | CG-CC | CG-CH | CH-CC | CH-CG | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu ± Sx | 207 c,d ± 1 | 131 a ± 2 | 183 d ± 1 | 158 a,b ± 11 | 190 c,d ± 10 | 158 a,b ± 12 | 145 a ± 17 | 195 c ± 12 | 163 b ± 14 | <0.001 |
Fe ± Sx | 8387 b ± 58 | 7814 a ± 18 | 15,100 g ± 86 | 7859 a ± 51 | 9730 c ± 115 | 8028 a ± 79 | 9967 d ± 56 | 13,014 f ± 41 | 12,609 e ± 65 | <0.001 |
Mn ± Sx | 844 e ± 16 | 434 a ± 5 | 710 c ± 10 | 705 c ± 46 | 827 e ± 42 | 497 a ± 8 | 483 a ± 32 | 737 c,d ± 3 | 589 b ± 18 | <0.001 |
Zn ± Sx | 857 h ± 6 | 165 a ± 2 | 430 d ± 4 | 611 f ± 36 | 699 g ± 30 | 292 b ± 6 | 187 a ± 13 | 535 e ± 10 | 358 c ± 15 | <0.001 |
Component | Material | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | CC | > | CH-CC | > | CC-CH | > | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CC-CG | > | CG-CC | > | CG-CH | > | CG |
Fe | CH | > | CH-CC | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CC-CH | > | CC | > | CG-CC | > | CC-CG | > | CG |
Mn | CC | > | CC-CH | > | CH-CC | > | CH | > | CC-CG | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CC | > | CG-CH | > | CG |
Zn | CC | > | CC-CH | > | CC-CG | > | CH-CC | > | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CC | > | CG-CH | > | CG |
Component | CC | CG | CH | CC-CH | CC-CG | CG-CC | CG-CH | CH-CG | CH-CC | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni ± Sx | 312 a ± 3 | 455 c,d ± 2 | 494 e ± 1 | 322 a ± 22 | 334 a ± 10 | 405 b ± 18 | 463 d ± 43 | 430 c ± 13 | 482 e ± 12 | <0.001 |
Cr ± Sx | 198 a ± 1 | 267 c,d ± 9 | 301 e ± 4 | 208 a ± 6 | 235 b ± 13 | 228 b ± 14 | 274 d ± 13 | 256 c ± 20 | 283 d ± 10 | <0.001 |
Pb ± Sx | 28.3 a,b ± 2.02 | 29.1 a,b ± 1.15 | 42.7 b ± 2.94 | 28.46 a,b ± 9.24 | 31.57 a,b ± 8.09 | 27.49 a ± 4.04 | 32.60 a,b ± 6.35 | 37.53 a,b ± 6.40 | 38.97 a,b ± 4.04 | <0.01 |
As ± Sx | 1.6 a ± 0.58 | 3.31 a ± 1.22 | 4.62 a ± 1.10 | 2.09 a ± 0.28 | 2.48 a ± 0.43 | 2.72 a ± 0.57 | 3.54 a ± 0.74 | 3.92 a ± 0.35 | 4.22 a ± 0.85 | <0.03 |
Component | Material | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CG | > | CH-CC | > | CG-CC | > | CC-CH | > | CC-CG | > | CC |
Cr | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CG-CH | > | CG | > | CH-CC | > | CC-CH | > | CG-CC | > | CC-CG | > | CC |
Pb | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CH-CC | > | CG-CH | > | CC-CH | > | CG | > | CC-CG | > | CC | > | CG-CC |
As | CH | > | CH-CG | > | CH-CC | > | CG-CH | > | CG | > | CG-CC | > | CC-CH | > | CC-CG | > | CC |
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Zając, G.; Maj, G.; Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, J.; Słowik, T.; Krzaczek, P.; Gołębiowski, W.; Dębowski, M. Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass. Energies 2020, 13, 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051290
Zając G, Maj G, Szyszlak-Bargłowicz J, Słowik T, Krzaczek P, Gołębiowski W, Dębowski M. Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass. Energies. 2020; 13(5):1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051290
Chicago/Turabian StyleZając, Grzegorz, Grzegorz Maj, Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz, Tomasz Słowik, Paweł Krzaczek, Wojciech Gołębiowski, and Marcin Dębowski. 2020. "Evaluation of the Properties and Usefulness of Ashes from the Corn Grain Drying Process Biomass" Energies 13, no. 5: 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051290